INSTITUTIONALIZATION OF ENHANCED COOPERATION AND OTHER FORMS OF FLEXIBLE INTEGRATION IN THE TREATY OF AMSTERDAM

This article highlights the impact of international law on the global process of illegal migration, reveals a number of international problems related to international migration, in particular by sea, identifies the main factors influencing illegal migration in general, indicates the state of illegal migration in various European Union countries. attention is paid to such important international legal instruments as the Schengen Agreement of 1985 and 1990, the Dublin Convention of 1990, the Maastricht Treaty of 1992 and the Treaty of Amsterdam of 1997. The article also focuses on the European Union agency, which deals with the protection of external borders and their protection from illegal migrants, in particular, by sea.The analysis of theoretical and practical aspects of combating illegal migration by sea at the international level, as well as in the development of scientific and theoretical approaches to solving migration problems, characterizes the legal regulation of combating illegal migration by maritime transport and maritime participation established intergovernmental bodies. The main tools of the European Union to combat illegal migration by sea, which can be used to improve the legal regulation of migration authorities of other countries, as well as substantiate the organizational and legal framework of European countries in the field of legal support to combat illegal migration by sea.The actions of European states represented by the relevant state bodies in solving the problems of illegal migration with the help of merchant fleets of European countries are studied. The article pays attention to the influence of illegal migration on the formation and change of legal awareness of society, as the beginning of the formation of criminogenic factors among illegal migrants in the host country.

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Strategie globalne a nowe formy organizacji przedsiębiorstw transnarodowych

Przedsiębiorczość - Edukacja ◽

10.24917/20833296.2.13 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 2 ◽

pp. 125-143

Author(s):

Anna Tobolska

Keyword(s):

Empirical Studies ◽

Transnational Corporations ◽

The Other ◽

Organisational Structure ◽

Tensor Structure ◽

Global Integration ◽

Integrated Networks ◽

International Firms ◽

Flexible Integration ◽

Organisational Structures

The paper presents an analysis of many basic variants of organisational structures that can be applied by enterprises operating in today.s international arena. In the case of international firms, the structure depends on the level of internationalisation of their operations and the strategy adopted: multinational, global or transnational. As an example a tensor structure is presented, based on empirical studies of the organisational structure of the corporation EXIDE Technologies. Global structures should be distinguished from those of transnational organisations, whose features, according to Bartlett and Ghoshal.s conception, are global integration and the ability to respond to a local situation. The structures of such transnational corporations assume formally a multidimensional shape which ensures the integration and co-ordination of operations through a combination of global departments manufacturing particular lines of products with regional ones. On the other hand, owing to flexible integration processes, interdependence and dispersal of skills, and a multidimensional perspective, transnational enterprises assume the configuration of integrated networks.

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Mapping Population Vulnerability and Community Support during COVID-19

International Journal for Population Data Science ◽

10.23889/ijpds.v5i4.1409 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 5 (4) ◽

Author(s):

Nina H Di Cara ◽

Jiao Song ◽

Valerio Maggio ◽

Christopher Moreno-Stokoe ◽

Alastair R Tanner ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Community Support ◽

Well Being ◽

Community Action ◽

Community Response ◽

Multiple Data ◽

Novel Approach ◽

Data Pipeline ◽

Complex Population ◽

Flexible Integration ◽

Interactive Map

Background Disasters such as the COVID-19 pandemic pose an overwhelming demand on resources that cannot always be met by official organisations. Limited resources and human response to crises can lead members of local communities to turn to one another to fulfil immediate needs. This spontaneous citizen-led response can be crucial to a community’s ability to cope in a crisis. It is thus essential to understand the scope of such initiatives so that support can be provided where it is most needed. Nevertheless, quickly developing situations and varying definitions can make the community response challenging to measure. Aim To create an accessible interactive map of the citizen-led community response to need during the COVID-19 pandemic in Wales, UK that combines information gathered from multiple data providers to reflect different interpretations of need and support. Approach We gathered data from a combination of official data providers and community-generated sources to create 14 variables representative of need and support. These variables are derived by a reproducible data pipeline that enables flexible integration of new data. The interactive tool is available online (www.covidresponsemap.wales) and can map available data at two geographic resolutions. Users choose their variables of interest, and interpretation of the map is aided by a linked bee-swarm plot. Discussion The novel approach we developed enables people at all levels of community response to explore and analyse the distribution of need and support across Wales. While there can be limitations to the accuracy of community-generated data, we demonstrate that they can be effectively used alongside traditional data sources to maximise the understanding of community action. This adds to our overall aim to measure community response and resilience, as well as to make complex population health data accessible to a range of audiences. Future developments include the integration of other factors such as well-being.

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