Editorial: What happens when the pit latrine is full?

Waterlines ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 185-186 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Carter
Keyword(s):  
Pit Latrine

scholarly journals Anaerobic digestion is the dominant pathway for pit latrine decomposition and is limited by intrinsic factors

2019 ◽  
Vol 79 (12) ◽  
pp. 2242-2250 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miriam H. A. van Eekert ◽  
Walter T. Gibson ◽  
Belen Torondel ◽  
Faraji Abilahi ◽  
Bernard Liseki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Anaerobic Digestion ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
In Vitro Tests ◽  
Full Potential ◽  
Water Addition ◽  
Intrinsic Factors ◽  
Pit Latrine ◽  
First Time

Abstract In vitro methods were used to assess the full potential for decomposition (measured as biogas formation) from pit latrine samples taken from the top layer of 15 Tanzanian latrines. We found considerable variability in the decomposition rate and extent. This was compared with decomposition in the same latrines, measured by comparing top layer composition with fresh stools and deeper (older) layers, to assess whether this potential was realised in situ. Results showed a close match between the extent of organic material breakdown in situ and in vitro, indicating that anaerobic digestion is the dominant pathway in latrines. The average potential decrease in chemical oxygen demand (COD) (determined as methane production in vitro within 60 days) and actual measured decrease in situ are 68.9% ± 11.3 and 69.7% ± 19.4, respectively. However in the in vitro tests, where samples were diluted in water, full decomposition was achieved in 2 months, whereas in situ it can take years; this suggests that water addition may offer a simple route to improving latrine performance. The results also allowed us to estimate, for the first time to our knowledge using experimental data, the contribution that latrines make to greenhouse gas emissions globally. This amounts to ∼2% of annual US emissions.

scholarly journals Impact of an intervention to improve pit latrine emptying practices in low income urban neighborhoods of Maputo, Mozambique

2020 ◽  
Vol 226 ◽  
pp. 113480 ◽  
Author(s):  
Drew Capone ◽  
Helen Buxton ◽  
Oliver Cumming ◽  
Robert Dreibelbis ◽  
Jackie Knee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Urban Neighborhoods ◽  
Pit Latrine

scholarly journals Laboratory protocols for testing the efficacy of commercial pit latrine additives

Water SA ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
KM Foxon ◽  
S Mkhize ◽  
M Reddy ◽  
CA Buckley
Keyword(s):  
Pit Latrine

scholarly journals Characterization of pit latrines to support the design and selection of emptying tools in peri-urban Mzuzu, Malawi

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 151-155 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rashid Chiposa ◽  
Rochelle H. Holm ◽  
Chimuleke Munthali ◽  
Russel C. G. Chidya ◽  
Francis L. de los Reyes
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Technology Development ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Urban Neighborhood ◽  
Fecal Matter ◽  
Pit Latrine ◽  
Tool Diameter

The urban areas of many low-income countries must balance a rising demand for pit latrines for household sanitation provision against limitations in space, resulting in a need for pit latrine emptying services. This study was undertaken in the peri-urban neighborhood of Area 1B in the city of Mzuzu, Malawi, to examine the characteristics of household pit latrines for designing and selecting pit latrine emptying tools. We used 150 structured household surveys and field observations. From this, a subset was selected and 30 manual cone penetrometer tests were conducted at full latrines. Chemical oxygen demand analysis was also performed for 14 pit latrines. The results indicated that in addition to serving as a disposal for fecal matter, 90% of households also used pit latrines for domestic waste. Only 10% of the studied pit latrines were lined. The filling rate in the study area is calculated to be about three years, and no respondents reported previous emptying. It is suggested pit latrine emptying technology development focuses on a maximum tool diameter of 10 cm to fit through the keyhole (squat hole) and height of 146 cm to fit inside the superstructure, as well as supporting unlined pits and the ability to pump trash.

scholarly journals An investigation of the effect of pit latrine additives on VIP latrine sludge content under laboratory and field trials

Water SA ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 509 ◽  
Author(s):  
BF Bakare ◽  
CJ Brouckaert ◽  
KM Foxon ◽  
CA Buckley
Keyword(s):  
Field Trials ◽  
Pit Latrine

scholarly journals Redesigning the ventilated improved pit latrine for use in built-up low-income settings

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 374-379 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter A. Obeng ◽  
Sampson Oduro-Kwarteng ◽  
Bernard Keraita ◽  
Henrik Bregnhøj ◽  
Robert C. Abaidoo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Ventilation Rate ◽  
Pipe Diameter ◽  
Technical Design ◽  
Technical Performance ◽  
Conventional Design ◽  
Inadequate Ventilation ◽  
Engineering Designs ◽  
Improved Sanitation ◽  
Pit Latrine

Abstract The ventilated improved pit (VIP) latrine has the potential to address the challenge of access to improved sanitation in built-up low-income settings. However, its conventional technical design fails to address the needs and preferences of some users. The objective of this paper was to test the technical performance of modified engineering designs of the technology to respond to some preferences of toilet users. The entry of air from multiple windows in the superstructure and installation of insect screens in windows were tested in an experimental VIP latrine. The modified design achieved the recommended ventilation rate of 20 m3/h when a vent pipe diameter of 150 mm was used. The study concludes that adopting a multidirectional airflow design leads to a lower ventilation rate as compared to the conventional design. However, when fitted with the recommended size of vent pipe, this modified design achieves more than twice the recommended ventilation rate with or without an insect screen installed in the windows. Nevertheless, the practice in which 100 mm diameter vent pipes are used with insect screens installed in windows is likely to lead to odour problems due to inadequate ventilation through the vent pipe.

scholarly journals Pit latrine faecal sludge solid waste quantification and characterization to inform the design of treatment facilities in peri-urban areas: A case study of Kanyama

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 260-272 ◽  
Author(s):  
Madalitso Tembo James ◽  
Matanda Richard ◽  
Nzali Banda Ian ◽  
Mwanaumo Erastus ◽  
Nyirenda Edwin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Solid Waste ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Treatment Facilities ◽  
Pit Latrine ◽  
Faecal Sludge

scholarly journals Bioaerosol emissions associated with pit latrine emptying operations

2019 ◽  
Vol 648 ◽  
pp. 1082-1086 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stewart Farling ◽  
Tate Rogers ◽  
Jackie S. Knee ◽  
Elizabeth A. Tilley ◽  
Joe Brown ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pit Latrine

scholarly journals Potential Use of Biochar in Pit Latrines as a Faecal Sludge Management Strategy to Reduce Water Resource Contaminations: A Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (24) ◽  
pp. 11772
Author(s):  
Matthew Mamera ◽  
Johan J. van Tol ◽  
Makhosazana P. Aghoghovwia ◽  
Alfredo B. J. C. Nhantumbo ◽  
Lydia M. Chabala ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Sludge Management ◽  
Water And Sanitation ◽  
Quality Of Water ◽  
Access To Water ◽  
Pit Latrine ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Faecal Sludge ◽  
Potential Use

Faecal sludge management (FSM) in most developing countries is still insufficient. Sanitation challenges within the sub-Saharan region have led to recurring epidemics of water- and sanitation-related diseases. The use of pit latrines has been recognised as an option for on-site sanitation purposes. However, there is also concern that pit latrine leachates may cause harm to human and ecological health. Integrated approaches for improved access to water and sanitation through proper faecal sludge management are needed to address these issues. Biochar a carbon-rich adsorbent produced from any organic biomass when integrated with soil can potentially reduce contamination. The incorporation of biochar in FSM studies has numerous benefits in the control of prospective contaminants (i.e., heavy metals and inorganic and organic pollutants). This review paper evaluated the potential use of biochar in FSM. It was shown from the reviewed articles that biochar is a viable option for faecal sludge management because of its ability to bind contaminants. Challenges and possible sustainable ways to incorporate biochar in pit latrine sludge management were also illustrated. Biochar use as a low-cost adsorbent in wastewater contaminant mitigation can improve the quality of water resources. Biochar-amended sludge can also be repurposed as a useful economical by-product.

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