faecal sludge
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2022 ◽  
pp. 130371
Author(s):  
Md Refat Hossain ◽  
Md Khalekuzzaman ◽  
Sadib Bin Kabir ◽  
Md Bashirul Islam ◽  
Quazi Hamidul Bari

2022 ◽  
Vol 225 ◽  
pp. 107063
Author(s):  
Md. Bashirul Islam ◽  
Md Khalekuzzaman ◽  
Sadib Bin Kabir ◽  
Md. Refat Hossain ◽  
Md. Asraful Alam

2021 ◽  
Vol 53 (6) ◽  
pp. 210603
Author(s):  
Gede Adi Wiguna Sudiartha ◽  
Prayatni Soewondo

Most of the wastewater generated from domestic activities in Denpasar city is treated in an off-site treatment plant located in WWTP DSDP Suwung. This includes faecal sludge that originates from on-site treatment plants. The existing treatment facilities can only treat wastewater that has a maximum biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) concentration of around 225 mg/l while the disposed faecal sludge’s BOD concentration reaches 3,394 mg/l. Therefore, an additional faecal sludge treatment plant needs to be established in order to separate the solid phase from the liquid phase. According to the treatment performance calculation, some alternative treatments can achieve BOD5 and TSS removal of up to 97% and 98% respectively. The selection of the alternative treatment was decided from weighting results of several aspects, such as economic, land use, technological and environmental aspects. The weighting method that was used in this research was Simple Additive Weighting (SAW). The advantage of SAW is its ability to do the assessment highly precisely because it is based on predetermined criteria and preference weights. Based on the weighting result, the treatment technology selected was a Solid Separation Chamber as primary treatment, combined with an Anaerobic Baffled Reactor as a secondary treatment. A Belt Filter-Press was applied to reshape the sludge into a recyclable cake. The required cost is approximately 16 billion rupiahs.


2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Md. Sakib Hossain ◽  
Sobur Ali ◽  
Monir Hossain ◽  
Salman Zahir Uddin ◽  
M. Moniruzzaman ◽  
...  

Introduction: Human faecal sludge contains diverse harmful microorganisms, making it hazardous to the environment and public health if it is discharged untreated. Faecal sludge is one of the major sources of E. coli that can produce extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs).Objective: This study aimed to investigate the prevalence and molecular characterization of ESBL-producing E. coli in faecal sludge samples collected from faecal sludge treatment plants (FSTPs) in Rohingya camps, Bangladesh.Methods: ESBL producing E. coli were screened by cultural as well as molecular methods and further characterized for their major ESBL genes, plasmid profiles, pathotypes, antibiotic resistance patterns, conjugation ability, and genetic similarity.Results: Of 296 isolates, 180 were phenotypically positive for ESBL. All the isolates, except one, contained at least one ESBL gene that was tested (blaCTX−M−1, blaCTX−M−2, blaCTX−M−8, blaCTX−M−9, blaCTX−M−15, blaCTX−M−25, blaTEM, and blaSHV). From plasmid profiling, it was observed that plasmids of 1–211 MDa were found in 84% (151/180) of the isolates. Besides, 13% (24/180) of the isolates possessed diarrhoeagenic virulence genes. From the remaining isolates, around 51% (79/156) harbored at least one virulence gene that is associated with the extraintestinal pathogenicity of E. coli. Moreover, 4% (3/156) of the isolates were detected to be potential extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli (ExPEC) strains. Additionally, all the diarrhoeagenic and ExPEC strains showed resistance to three or more antibiotic groups which indicate their multidrug-resistant potential. ERIC-PCR differentiated these pathogenic isolates into seven clusters. In addition to this, 16 out of 35 tested isolates transferred plasmids of 32–112 MDa to E. coli J53 recipient strain.Conclusion: The present study implies that the faecal sludge samples examined here could be a potential origin for spreading MDR pathogenic ESBL-producing E. coli. The exposure of Rohingya individuals, living in overcrowded camps, to these organisms poses a severe threat to their health.


2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (24) ◽  
pp. 11772
Author(s):  
Matthew Mamera ◽  
Johan J. van Tol ◽  
Makhosazana P. Aghoghovwia ◽  
Alfredo B. J. C. Nhantumbo ◽  
Lydia M. Chabala ◽  
...  

Faecal sludge management (FSM) in most developing countries is still insufficient. Sanitation challenges within the sub-Saharan region have led to recurring epidemics of water- and sanitation-related diseases. The use of pit latrines has been recognised as an option for on-site sanitation purposes. However, there is also concern that pit latrine leachates may cause harm to human and ecological health. Integrated approaches for improved access to water and sanitation through proper faecal sludge management are needed to address these issues. Biochar a carbon-rich adsorbent produced from any organic biomass when integrated with soil can potentially reduce contamination. The incorporation of biochar in FSM studies has numerous benefits in the control of prospective contaminants (i.e., heavy metals and inorganic and organic pollutants). This review paper evaluated the potential use of biochar in FSM. It was shown from the reviewed articles that biochar is a viable option for faecal sludge management because of its ability to bind contaminants. Challenges and possible sustainable ways to incorporate biochar in pit latrine sludge management were also illustrated. Biochar use as a low-cost adsorbent in wastewater contaminant mitigation can improve the quality of water resources. Biochar-amended sludge can also be repurposed as a useful economical by-product.


Author(s):  
Chea Eliyan ◽  
Björn Vinnerås ◽  
Christian Zurbrügg ◽  
Thammarat Koottatep ◽  
Kok Sothea ◽  
...  

Abstract Comprehensive knowledge of faecal sludge characteristics is needed for sludge management planning, but it is lacking for the city of Phnom Penh, Cambodia. Thus, this study characterised physicochemical properties of faecal sludge from households in Phnom Penh and related these to sludge containment unit type, unit age, connectedness to the urban drainage network, type of wastewater captured, watertight containment units, number of users, and emptying practices. In total, 194 faecal sludge samples collected during containment unit emptying were analysed for physicochemical parameters. Information on containment units was collected in a survey of emptiers and users. Mean values of faecal sludge chemical parameters were found to be slightly lower than previously reported values for low-/middle-income countries, whereas physicochemical properties were within similar ranges. The main factor influencing organic matter content in faecal sludge was containment unit connection to the urban drainage network, whereas emptying practice and capture of only blackwater affected nutrient levels. The concentrations of nutrients and organic pollutants greatly exceeded Cambodian discharge standards for wastewater. This causes environmental impacts, so treatment is needed before discharge. The faecal sludge characteristics and influencing factors identified here can serve as a baseline for sanitation stakeholders planning faecal sludge management systems in Phnom Penh and similar cities.


2021 ◽  
Vol Unlabeled volume ◽  
Author(s):  
Marie Mbang ◽  
Emmanuel Ngnikam ◽  
Boniface Efon ◽  
Pierre Meukam ◽  
Stéphane Fokou

This study aims to describe the onsite sanitation and the quantification of faecal sludge in the city of Yaoundé. The city of Yaoundé, The population of Yaoundé City is about 3.1 million inhabitants in 2018 , will reach 4.7 million in 2030 with an average annual growth rate of 3.5%. The city of Yaoundé is dominated by an autonomous sanitation system which is used by 99% of households. Domestic wastewater of the city is mainly dealt through on-site sanitation systems represented by septic tanks, traditional pit latrines, ventilated improved pit latrines, etc A survey was carried out among 1100 households in the city of Yaoundé. The choice of household to be surveyed was made according to the stratified sample method. It is reviewed, the methods of quantification of existing used sludge, in order to choose a method adapted to the context of the city of Yaoundé. Several criteria are analyzed to access to the sludge produced by households: the existence or not of roads, their state of deterioration, the types of sanitation structure, the position of the structure in relation to the waterways, etc. Among the methods for quantifying the sludge explored, we found that "the specific production method" is more adapted in the context. But this method has been revised in order to integrate the analyzing elements on the accessibility of the facilities. The application of the method used has been done on 120 pit emptying during two months (june and july 2018). The choice of these pits as been done hazardly on the potential of 600 pit emptying in the city of Yaoundé during this period. The accumulation rate of faecal sludge in the city of Yaoundé is of 0.356 l/hab/jour for septic tanks and of 0.21 l/hab/jour for pit latrines. It equally varies according to the luxury of the habitat. At the scale of the city, in 2018, 41% of single pits and 84% of septic tanks can be drained by trucks. The interval between two emptying is of 7 years for septic tanks and 10 years for pit latrines. Finally, the city of Yaoundé produces 2018, 283 175 m3 of faecal sludge per year, thus 51.7% can be drained by truck (146 514 m3), either 401 m3/jour. Only 52.4% are collected and (210 m3/jour) and sent-on the site of unloading of NOMAYOS. La présente étude porte sur le traitement sur l’assainissement dans la parcelle et la quantification des boues de vidange dans la ville de Yaoundé. La population de la ville de Yaoundé 3,1 millions d’habitants en 2018, atteindra 4,7 millions en 2030 avec un taux de croissance moyen annuel de 3,5%. La ville de Yaoundé est dominée par un système d’assainissement autonome qui est utilisé par 99% des ménages. Les eaux usées domestiques de la ville sont principalement traitées par des systèmes d'assainissement autonomes représentés par des fosses septiques, des latrines à fosse traditionnelles, des latrines à fosse améliorée ventilées, etc. Une enquête a été effectuée auprès de 1100 ménages de la ville de Yaoundé. Le choix de ménage à enquêter a été faite selon la méthode stratifiée. Il est passé en revue, les méthodes de quantification des boues de vidange utilisées existantes, afin de choisir une méthode adaptée au contexte de la ville de Yaoundé. Plusieurs critères sont analysés pour évaluer l’accès aux boues produites par les ménages : l’existence ou non de voirie, leur état de dégradation, les types de l’ouvrage d’assainissement, la position de l’ouvrage par rapport aux voies d’accès etc. pour la quantification des boues de vidange. Parmi les méthodes de quantification des boues de vidanges explorées, nous avons trouvé que « la méthode production spécifique » est plus adaptée au contexte. Mais cette méthode a été revue afin d’intégrer les éléments d’analyse sur l’accessibilité des ouvrages d’assainissement. L’application de la méthode retenue a été faite sur 120 ouvrages d’assainissement vidangés entre Juin et juillet 2018, choisis au hasard sur le potentiel de 600 ouvrages vidangés dans la ville de Yaoundé pendant cette période. Le taux d’accumulation des boues de vidange dans la ville de Yaoundé est de 0,356 l/hab/jour pour les fosses septiques et 0.21 l/hab/jour pour les latrines. Il varie également en fonction de standing de l’habitat. A l’échelle de la ville, 41% des fosses uniques et 84% des fosses septiques peuvent être vidangées par camion. L’intervalle entre deux vidanges est de 7 ans en moyenne pour les fosses septiques et 10 ans pour les latrines. Au final, la ville de Yaoundé produit en 2018, 283 175 m3 de boues de vidange par an, dont 51,7% peuvent être vidangés par camion (146 514 m3), soit 401 m3/jour. Seuls 52,4% de la quantité vidangeable, sont collectés en 2018 (210 m3/jour) et acheminés sur le site de dépotage de NOMAYOS.


2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. C21A08-1-C21A08-4
Author(s):  
Ouindpouiré Auguste A. Soré ◽  
◽  
Samuel Ouoba

In the city of Ouagadougou in Burkina Faso, faecal sludge treatment plants suffer from the lack of a process for recovering sludge after drying. Forsolid household waste, the quantities collected are mainly intended fortechnical landfill. Finding a solution for the recovery of Dewatered Faecal Sludge (DFS) and Organic Household Solid Waste (OHSW) is necessary in order to complete the faecal sludge management and solid waste management sectors. Our work aims to make a physico-chemical, microbiological and eco-toxicological study of a compost based on DFS and OHSW in order to propose a methodological approach for the sustainable production of hygienic compost. This article discusses the first step of our research, which consisted in characterizing the DFS at the Zagtouli treatment station as well as the OHSW of waste treatment and recovery center of Ouagadougou in order to identify a suitable recovery channel. To do so, a representative sample was taken from the Zagtouli DFS heap for laboratory analysis. The OHSW sample was obtained from household garbage bins from pre-collection centers in the city of Ouagadougou. The raw characteristics of DFS and OHSW (organic matter, nitrogen, pH, etc.) and their value in mineral elements (calcium, magnesium, potassium, phosphorus) show that these substrates would be ideal for the production of quality compost.


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