scholarly journals Layer-Specific Vesicular Glutamate Transporter 1 Immunofluorescence Levels Delineate All Layers of the Human Hippocampus Including the Stratum lucidum

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Woelfle ◽  
Tobias M. Boeckers
Keyword(s):  
Pyramidal Neurons ◽  
Hippocampal Formation ◽  
Glutamate Transporter ◽  
Mossy Fibers ◽  
Vesicular Glutamate Transporter ◽  
Nissl Staining ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
Human Hippocampus ◽  
Stratum Lucidum ◽  
Glutamate Transporter 1

The hippocampal formation consists of the Ammon’s horn (cornu Ammonis with its regions CA1-4), dentate gyrus, subiculum, and the entorhinal cortex. The rough extension of the regions CA1-3 is typically defined based on the density and size of the pyramidal neurons without clear-cut boundaries. Here, we propose the vesicular glutamate transporter 1 (VGLUT1) as a molecular marker for the CA3 region. This is based on its strong labeling of the stratum lucidum (SL) in fluorescently stained human hippocampus sections. VGLUT1 puncta of the intense SL band co-localize with synaptoporin (SPO), a protein enriched in mossy fibers (MFs). Owing to its specific intensity profile throughout all hippocampal layers, VGLUT1 could be implemented as a pendant to Nissl-staining in fluorescent approaches with the additional demarcation of the SL. Furthermore, by high-resolution confocal microscopy, we detected VGLUT2 in the human hippocampus, thus reconciling two previous studies. Finally, by VGLUT1/SPO co-staining, we provide evidence for the existence of infrapyramidal MFs in the human hippocampus and we show that SPO expression is not restricted to MF synapses as demonstrated for rodent tissue.

scholarly journals Effects of Repeated 20-Hz Electrical Stimulation on Functional Recovery Following Peripheral Nerve Injury

2019 ◽  
Vol 33 (9) ◽  
pp. 775-784 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sohee Park ◽  
Cai-yue Liu ◽  
Patricia J. Ward ◽  
Poonam B. Jaiswal ◽  
Arthur W. English
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Peripheral Nerves ◽  
Treadmill Exercise ◽  
Glutamate Transporter ◽  
Vesicular Glutamate Transporter ◽  
Single Application ◽  
Repeated Applications ◽  
Peripheral Axon ◽  
Glutamate Transporter 1 ◽  
Muscle Responses

One hour of 20-Hz continuous electrical stimulation (ES) applied at the time of injury promotes the regeneration of axons in cut peripheral nerves. A more robust enhancement of peripheral axon regeneration is achieved by 2 weeks of daily treadmill exercise. We investigated whether repeated applications of brief ES (mES) would be more effective in promoting regeneration than a single application. Sciatic nerves of C57B6 mice were cut and repaired by end-to-end anastomosis. At that time and every third day for 2 weeks, the repaired nerve was stimulated for 1 hour at 20 Hz. In controls, injured mice were either untreated or treated with ES only once. Direct muscle responses recorded from reinnervated muscles in awake animals were observed earlier both in mice treated with ES and mES than untreated controls. Their amplitudes increased progressively over the post transection study period, but the rate of this progression was increased significantly only in animals treated once with ES. Monosynaptic H reflexes recovered to pretransection levels in both untreated and singly treated mice but in the animals treated repeatedly, they were maintained at more than twice that of the same reflexes recorded prior to injury. In anatomical analyses, both excitatory and inhibitory synaptic contacts with the cell bodies of injured motoneurons, including those expressing the vesicular glutamate transporter 1 (VGLUT1), were sustained in mice treated repeatedly but not in singly treated or untreated mice. Repeated ES does not enhance the rate of restoration of functional muscle reinnervation and results in the retention of exaggerated reflexes.

scholarly journals Morphology of neurons of human subiculum proper

2010 ◽  
Vol 63 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 356-360
Author(s):  
Maja Stankovic-Vulovic ◽  
Ivana Zivanovic-Macuzic ◽  
Predrag Sazdanovic ◽  
Dejan Jeremic ◽  
Jovo Tosevski
Keyword(s):  
Pyramidal Neurons ◽  
Hippocampal Formation ◽  
Molecular Layer ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Pyramidal Cells ◽  
Great Majority ◽  
Apical Dendrite ◽  
Nissl Staining ◽  
Golgi Impregnation ◽  
Pyramidal Layer

Subiculum proper is an archicortical structure of the subicular complex and presents the place of origin of great majority of axons of the whole hippocampal formation. In contrast to the hippocampus which has been intensively studied, the data about human subiculum proper are quite scarce. The aim of our study was to indentify morphological characteristics of neurons of the human subiculum proper. The study was performed on 10 brains of both genders by using Golgi impregnation and Nissl staining. The subiculum has three layers: molecular, pyramidal and polymorphic layer. The dominant cell type in the pyramidal layer was the pyramidal neurons, which had pyramidal shaped soma, multiple basal dendrites and one apical dendrite. The nonpyramidal cells were scattered among the pyramidal cells of the pyramidal layer. The nonpyramidal cells were classified on: multipolar, bipolar and neurons with triangular-shaped soma. The neurons of the molecular layer of the human subiculum were divided into groups: bipolar and multipolar neurons. The most numerous cells of the polymorphic layer were bipolar and multipolar neurons.

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