scholarly journals Evoked Potentials Differentiate Developmental Coordination Disorder From Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in a Stop-Signal Task: A Pilot Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily J. Meachon ◽  
Marcel Meyer ◽  
Kate Wilmut ◽  
Martina Zemp ◽  
Georg W. Alpers
Keyword(s):  
Executive Functions ◽  
Response Inhibition ◽  
Motor Response ◽  
Developmental Coordination Disorder ◽  
Stop Signal ◽  
Stop Signal Task ◽  
Executive Performance ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Motor Response Inhibition ◽  
Coordination Disorder

Developmental Coordination Disorder and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder are unique neurodevelopmental disorders with overlaps in executive functions and motor control. The conditions co-occur in up to 50% of cases, raising questions of the pathological mechanisms of DCD versus ADHD. Few studies have examined these overlaps in adults with DCD and/or ADHD. Therefore, to provide insights about executive functions and motor control between adults with DCD, ADHD, both conditions (DCD + ADHD), or typically developed controls, this study used a stop-signal task and parallel EEG measurement. We assessed executive performance via go accuracy and go reaction time, as well as motor response inhibition via stop-signal reaction time. This was complemented with analysis of event-related potentials (ERPs). Based on existing investigations of adults with DCD or ADHD, we expected (1) groups would not differ in behavioral performance on stop and go trials, but (2) differences in ERPs, particularly in components N200 (index of cognitive control) and P300 (index of attention and inhibition) would be evident. The sample included N = 50 adults with DCD (n = 12), ADHD (n = 9), DCD + ADHD (n = 7), and control participants (n = 22). We replicated that there were no between-group differences for behavioral-level executive performance and motor response inhibition. However, on a physiological level, ERP components N200 and P300 differed between groups, particularly during successful response inhibition. These ERPs reflect potential endophenotypic differences not evident in overt behavior of participants with ADHD and/or DCD. This suggests a disorder specific employment of inhibition or general executive functions in groups of adults with DCD, DCD + ADHD, ADHD, or control participants.

scholarly journals Subcortical processes of motor response inhibition during a stop signal task

NeuroImage ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 1352-1363 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chiang-Shan Ray Li ◽  
Peisi Yan ◽  
Rajita Sinha ◽  
Tien-Wen Lee
Keyword(s):  
Response Inhibition ◽  
Motor Response ◽  
Stop Signal ◽  
Stop Signal Task ◽  
Motor Response Inhibition

Proactive and Reactive Motor Inhibition in Top Athletes Versus Nonathletes

2018 ◽  
Vol 125 (2) ◽  
pp. 289-312 ◽  
Author(s):  
Damien Brevers ◽  
Etienne Dubuisson ◽  
Fabien Dejonghe ◽  
Julien Dutrieux ◽  
Mathieu Petieau ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Response Inhibition ◽  
Motor Response ◽  
Proactive Inhibition ◽  
Stop Signal ◽  
Stop Signal Task ◽  
Reactive Inhibition ◽  
Stop Signal Reaction Time ◽  
Motor Response Inhibition ◽  
Inhibition Performance

We examined proactive (early restraint in preparation for stopping) and reactive (late correction to stop ongoing action) motor response inhibition in two groups of participants: professional athletes ( n = 28) and nonathletes ( n = 25). We recruited the elite athletes from Belgian national taekwondo and fencing teams. We estimated proactive and reactive inhibition with a modified version of the stop-signal task (SST) in which participants inhibited categorizing left/right arrows. The probability of the stop signal was manipulated across blocks of trials by providing probability cues from the background computer screen color (green = 0%, yellow =17%, orange = 25%, red = 33%). Participants performed two sessions of the SST, where proactive inhibition was operationalized with increased go-signal reaction time as a function of increased stop-signal probability and reactive inhibition was indicated by stop-signal reaction time latency. Athletes exhibited higher reactive inhibition performance than nonathletes. In addition, athletes exhibited higher proactive inhibition than nonathletes in Session 1 (but not Session 2) of the SST. As top-level athletes exhibited heightened reactive inhibition and were faster to reach and maintain consistent proactive motor response inhibition, these results confirm an evaluative process that can discriminate elite athleticism through a fine-grained analysis of inhibitory control.

Motor Response Inhibition and Execution in the Stop-Signal Task: Development and Relation to ADHD Behaviors

2007 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 42-59 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carin M. Tillman ◽  
Lisa B. Thorell ◽  
Karin C. Brocki ◽  
Gunilla Bohlin
Keyword(s):  
Response Inhibition ◽  
Motor Response ◽  
Stop Signal ◽  
Stop Signal Task ◽  
Motor Response Inhibition

scholarly journals Symptom Severity in Youths with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Associated with Normalizing Effects of Treatment on fMRI Response during a Stop Signal Task

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine E. Hegarty ◽  
Mohan W. Gupta ◽  
Eric Miller ◽  
Kevin Terashima ◽  
Sandra Loo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Response Inhibition ◽  
Symptom Severity ◽  
Neural Correlates ◽  
Stop Signal ◽  
Stop Signal Task ◽  
Bold Signal ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Medication Effects ◽  
Drug Free

AbstractInhibitory control deficits represent one of many core cognitive deficits in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Neuroimaging studies suggest that individuals with ADHD exhibit atypical engagement of neural systems during response inhibition, but the exact nature of this phenotype is obscured by mixed findings. We tested whether drug-free youths with ADHD (n=30, ages 7-14 years, 10 female) exhibited atypical neural correlates of response inhibition, as measured with a stop signal task and fMRI, compared to matched controls. We next investigated medication effects and whether there was a relationship between symptom severity and medication effects on the fMRI-evaluated signal. Finally, we tested for a significant difference between effects of monotherapy and combined pharmacological treatment. Patients showed significantly slower stop signal response time and lower percent inhibition, but no significant differences in the neural correlates of response inhibition relative to controls. However, patients showed significantly elevated signal in frontostriatal regions during responses. Prefrontal signal in patients was positively associated with reaction time variability in patients, and change (medicated – drug free) in the prefrontal signal was significantly associated with symptom scores, such that patients with elevated symptoms had greater BOLD signal reduction following treatment. Medication significantly improved go response time median and variability as well as stop signal reaction time, but there were no significant effects of medication or treatment type on BOLD signal. These findings challenge the notion of frontostriatal hypoactivation during response inhibition as a biomarker for ADHD and suggest that symptom severity may be associated with response to medication.

scholarly journals Inhibition of thoughts and actions in obsessive-compulsive disorder: extending the endophenotype?

2009 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 263-272 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Morein-Zamir ◽  
N. A. Fineberg ◽  
T. W. Robbins ◽  
B. J. Sahakian
Keyword(s):  
Response Inhibition ◽  
Motor Response ◽  
Thought Suppression ◽  
Stop Signal ◽  
Stop Signal Task ◽  
Response Suppression ◽  
Motor Inhibition ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Stimulus Meaning

BackgroundObsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) has been associated with impairments in stop-signal inhibition, a measure of motor response suppression. The study used a novel paradigm to examine both thought suppression and response inhibition in OCD, where the modulatory effects of stimuli relevant to OCD could also be assessed. Additionally, the study compared inhibitory impairments in OCD patients with and without co-morbid depression, as depression is the major co-morbidity of OCD.MethodVolitional response suppression and unintentional thought suppression to emotive and neutral stimuli were examined using a novel thought stop-signal task. The thought stop-signal task was administered to non-depressed OCD patients, depressed OCD patients and healthy controls (n=20 per group).ResultsMotor inhibition impairments were evident in OCD patients, while motor response performance did not differ between patients and controls. Switching to a new response but not motor inhibition was affected by stimulus relevance in OCD patients. Additionally, unintentional thought suppression as measured by repetition priming was intact. OCD patients with and without depression did not differ on any task performance measures, though there were significant differences in all self-reported measures.ConclusionsResults support motor inhibition deficits in OCD that remain stable regardless of stimulus meaning or co-morbid depression. Only switching to a new response was influenced by stimulus meaning. When response inhibition was successful in OCD patients, so was the unintentional suppression of the accompanying thought.

scholarly journals The Effect of Selected Cognitive Games on the Promotion and Stability of Executive Functions in Children With Developmental Coordination Disorders

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 574-587
Author(s):  
Narges Ghaderi ◽  
◽  
Mohamad Ali Aslankhani ◽  
Ehsan Zareian ◽  
Jaleh Baqirli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Executive Functions ◽  
Cognitive Flexibility ◽  
Response Inhibition ◽  
Developmental Coordination Disorder ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Coordination Disorders ◽  
And Control ◽  
Coordination Disorder ◽  
Developmental Coordination Disorders

Background and Aims: Children with developmental coordination disorders experience some form of impairment in some executive functions. The present study was designed and conducted to study the effect and retention of cognitive games on the development of three components of executive functions (response inhibition, working memory, and cognitive flexibility) among children with developmental coordination disorders. Methods: The present study was a quasi-experimental study with a control group. Thirty girls aged 7-10 years with developmental coordination disorder Based on the score obtained in the Movement Assessment Battery for Children-second edition (MABC-2) test set and based on the IQ score, were divided into two experimental and control groups. MABC-2 and Cattle and intelligence tests were used for initial screening, and N-Back, Stroop, and Go-NOGO tests measured working memory, cognitive flexibility, and response inhibition. The training protocol consisted of a series of purposeful cognitive and motor games that explicitly considered the development of a specific component of executive functions. Data were analyzed using a combined two-way analysis (2×3) of variance. Results: The findings showed, performance Working memory (P=0.0001) performance, cognitive flexibility (P=0.045), and response inhibition (P=0.010) increased in the experimental group from pretest to posttest, While no such change was observed in the control group. Also, the effect of improving games on working memory (P=0.0001) and response inhibition (P=0.033) was maintained until the retention test. At the same time, there was no significant difference between cognitive flexibility in the retention test of children with developmental coordination disorder in the experimental group and control. Conclusion: Based on the findings, cognitive-motor games effectively improve and maintain working memory, inhibit response, and develop cognitive flexibility. As a result, according to the results of this study and other studies, it can be acknowledged that intervention as a process as a process-oriented therapy with the involvement of the individual in a mental process improves the executive functions of children with developmental coordination disorder and games introduced in this Research is a good framework for designing and implementing high quality and reproducible programs.

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