The Effects of 8 Weeks TRX Exercises and Core Stability in the Stable Level on the Landing Pattern, the Stability of the Core Area and Balance of Girls Football Players

Background and Aims: This study aimed at the effects of 8 weeks TRX exercises and core stability exercises in the stable level on the landing pattern, the stability of the core area, and the balance of girls football players. Methods: Thirty athletes with trunk defects were screened by Tuck Jump test and selected as a statistical sample. Finally, assigned to two groups of 15 subjects at a stable level and varying level training. Both groups participated in pretest and post-test. Both groups training sessions for 8 weeks and three weeks each week on core stability training at both sustained (stable) and unstable (TRX). This study used the core stability practice protocol in the training section at a stable and unstable level. The static and dynamic balance were evaluated by BESS and Y tests, respectively. McGill’s endurance tests also evaluated the endurance of the core region. In addition, landing mechanics were assessed using the Landing Error Score System test. ANCOVA test was used to compare the differences between the research variables by two types of training. The stability of the core body was used in two groups of training (stable and TRX) and a t-test for correlating the changes within the group. Results: The results of the analysis of t-test showed that in the results of the stable training (P≤0.001) and TRX (P≤0.001) effect on score of the error of landing error, LESS, flexion 60 °, Sorensen, Right Plank, static balance and total dynamic balance score. In the post-test, there are significant differences between the two groups in the TRX and stable levels in LESS, Sorensen, static balance in the state stand on two legs on a soft surface and stand in the Tandem on a soft surface (P≤0.05). Conclusion: the results of this study showed that the use of core stability training at a stable and unstable level by helping to improve the landing jump activity, as well as improving muscular balance and endurance, can be eliminated by modifying some of the risk factors associated with an ACL injury to prevent Lower limb non-limiting injury in athletes with trunk defects.

The Effect of External Focus Attention Exercise On the Kinetic Risk Factors Associated With ACL Injury

Background and Aims One of the most common and dangerous injuries in sports is an Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) injury. Today, despite the ACL injury prevention programs, the prevalence of this injury remains high. Most of the instructions used in injury prevention programs are based on internal focus, while studies have shown that using external focus can improve performance in individuals. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of focus of attention on eight weeks of anterior cruciate ligament injury prevention training on landing skill kinetic variables in soccer players. Methods The current methodology included 35 players from 3 premier league teams in Tehran province. The teams were randomly divided into three groups of Prevent injury and Enhance Performance (PEP) exercises based on the External Focus (EF) (12 people), Internal Focus (IF) (12 people), and control group (11 people). In the pretest of ground reaction force, rate of loading, and time to stabilization during landing skill. The training groups performed pep injury prevention exercises for eight weeks and related instructions instead of warm-up exercises. Control group players were performing the regular activities. ANOVA with repeated measures and one-way ANOVA and Tukey post hoc tests were used to evaluate changes Results The test results showed significant changes in vertical, anterior-posterior ground reaction force and rate of loading in the external focus group (P≤0.05). But there was no critical difference in time to stabilization and internal-external ground reaction force. Conclusion According to the results, external focus instruction has positive effects on kinetic components. Therefore, it is recommended that exercises based on these instructions be used to reduce the risk of ACL injury and to repair this injury.

Design and Validation of the Equation for Correction of Body Mass Index

Background and Aims: The Body Mass Index (BMI) is considered one of the most common indexes for examining the health. The purpose of this study was the design and validation of the equations for the accuracy of BMI. Methods: In the current 419 athletic and non-athletic subjects participated in this study. Anthropometrical measurement was performed using International Standard for Anthropometry and Kinanthropometry (ISAK) protocol, and mesomorphic and endomorphic calculated based on the Heath-Carter methods. The Spearman correlation coefficient was used to determine the relationship between BMI and body fat percent, mesomorphic and endomorphic values. Multiple regressions were used to predict BMI. Results: There is a high correlation between BMI with mesomorphic and endomorphic values (P<0.01), but the correlation of BMI with mesomorphic in athletic men was higher than endomorphic (0.77 vs. 0.63). Multiple regression produces some equations for predicting mesomorphic and endomorphic, and bland Altman believes that all equations predict fatness. Conclusion: According to the results, the Equations proposed in this study could appropriately turn BMI to predict body composition so that this equation could determine higher BMI because of the higher muscular mass.

The Effect of Eight Weeks of Relaxation Massage on the Mental Fatigue Control, Balance, Lower Extremity Function and Landing Mechanic in Physical Education Students

Background and Aims: Mental fatigue usually occurs following prolonged cognitive activity. Mental fatigue is a psychological condition that occurs as a result of long-term cognitive activities. Mental fatigue can have significant effects on the daily life of healthy people. This study aimed to investigate the effect of eight weeks of relaxation massage on the mental fatigue control and balance, lower extremity function, and landing mechanic in physical education students. Methods: This research is a quasi-experimental study, and the statistical population of this study was physical education students. From the statistical population, 30 male students with Mean±SD age= 19.5±5.5 years, weight= 69.6±6.8 kg, height= 187.75±4.5 cm, and sports history= 2.66±1.3 years. They were selected by purposeful and were randomly divided based on Research and Criteria into two groups: control group (n=15) and relaxation massage group (n=15). Before and after relaxation massage, mental exhaustion with 45 minutes of stroke activity (Stroop test), Dynamic Balance with Y test, Semi-dynamic balance with Lafayette Stability Platform, lower extremity function by the Lower Extremity Functional Test (LEFT) test and landing mechanic by LESS, Jump-landing skill film assessment by Auto CAD and Kinovea software were measured. Data analysis was performed in SPSS v. 22 software by using Statistical method of ANOVA test with repeated measures and paired t-test at the significant level P=0.05. Results: The results showed that a significant difference was observed between the relaxation massage group and the control group on lower limb function, landing mechanics, dynamic balance, and semi-dynamic balance of physical education students (P=0.001). Conclusion: Significant changes in lower limb function factors, landing mechanics, dynamic balance, and semi-dynamic balance in physical education students after relaxation massage exercises indicate the importance of this issue. Injury prevention specialists should study and research in introducing strategies to deal with the occurrence of mental fatigue.

Comparison of the Effect of Corrective Exercises With and Without Suit Therapy on Gait Kinematic and Balance in Autism Children With Toe Walking

Background and Aims: Autism is an evolutional syndrome that causes social and interactional disorders and changes movement patterns. Corrective exercises can positively affect gait and balance in autistic children. The suit therapy is jointed with hooks and elastic bands that balance pressure and support muscles and joints. This study compares the effect of corrective exercise with and without suit therapy on gait kinematic and balance in autistic children with toe walking. Methods: A group of 30 autistic boys with toe walking (Mean±SD: age= 5.7±1.7 years, height= 106.4±19.5 cm, and weight= 20.8±5.8 kg) were chosen voluntarily and purposefully in this study and then randomly assigned into two groups of with and without suit therapy. Both groups received 8 weeks of corrective exercises, including 5 sessions per week, each session for 2 hours. The cases gait kinematic (Tree dimensional movement analysis) and balance (Tinetti) were evaluated in the pre and posttest. Paired and independent t-test were used for statistical analyses using SPSS v. 16. Results: The result revealed a significant difference in the gait kinematic between the two groups. Treatment in the corrective exercises group with suit therapy was significantly more effective in stride length (P=0.001), step length (P=0.001), step width (P=0.021), walking speed (P=0.001), ankle dorsiflexion in stance (P=0.001), and swing (P=0.001) phase than that corrective exercises without suit therapy group. But between these two groups, no significant difference was observed in stride time (P=0.444), cadence (P=0.361), deviation foot (P=0.614), and hip flexion (P=0.135). The results of the study also showed no significant difference in balance (P=0.927) between groups. Conclusion: Corrective exercises with suit therapy are more effective than ones without suit therapy. Therefore, corrective exercises sessions with suit therapy are suggested for autistic boys with toe walking.

The Effect of Selected Cognitive Games on the Promotion and Stability of Executive Functions in Children With Developmental Coordination Disorders

Background and Aims: Children with developmental coordination disorders experience some form of impairment in some executive functions. The present study was designed and conducted to study the effect and retention of cognitive games on the development of three components of executive functions (response inhibition, working memory, and cognitive flexibility) among children with developmental coordination disorders. Methods: The present study was a quasi-experimental study with a control group. Thirty girls aged 7-10 years with developmental coordination disorder Based on the score obtained in the Movement Assessment Battery for Children-second edition (MABC-2) test set and based on the IQ score, were divided into two experimental and control groups. MABC-2 and Cattle and intelligence tests were used for initial screening, and N-Back, Stroop, and Go-NOGO tests measured working memory, cognitive flexibility, and response inhibition. The training protocol consisted of a series of purposeful cognitive and motor games that explicitly considered the development of a specific component of executive functions. Data were analyzed using a combined two-way analysis (2×3) of variance. Results: The findings showed, performance Working memory (P=0.0001) performance, cognitive flexibility (P=0.045), and response inhibition (P=0.010) increased in the experimental group from pretest to posttest, While no such change was observed in the control group. Also, the effect of improving games on working memory (P=0.0001) and response inhibition (P=0.033) was maintained until the retention test. At the same time, there was no significant difference between cognitive flexibility in the retention test of children with developmental coordination disorder in the experimental group and control. Conclusion: Based on the findings, cognitive-motor games effectively improve and maintain working memory, inhibit response, and develop cognitive flexibility. As a result, according to the results of this study and other studies, it can be acknowledged that intervention as a process as a process-oriented therapy with the involvement of the individual in a mental process improves the executive functions of children with developmental coordination disorder and games introduced in this Research is a good framework for designing and implementing high quality and reproducible programs.

Effect of 8-Week Aerobic Exercise on Anthropometric Indices, Atherogenic Index of Plasma and Some Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Inactive Men

Background and Aims The sedentary lifestyle is related to the incidence of various diseases and metabolic disorders. Atherogenic Index of Plasma (AIP) can be considered as an appropriate criterion predicting coronary heart disease. This study aimed to investigate the Effect of 8-week aerobic training on anthropometric Indices, the Atherogenic Index of Plasma, and some cardiovascular risk factors in inactive men. Methods In the current quasi-experimental study, 40 inactive employees with a Mean±SD age of 36.17±8.97 years and body mass index of 26.60±4.12 kg/m2 after obtaining testimonial voluntarily performed aerobic exercise training for 8 weeks (each session 45 to 60 minutes) with 70 percent of maximal heart rate. Blood samples were taken before and after exercise to measure serum variables. Data were analyzed by paired t-test at the significant level of P<0.05. Results Statistical analysis showed that after 8 weeks of aerobic exercise, Body fat percentage (P=0.04), cholesterol (P=0.001), LDL/HDL ratio (P=0.03), TG/HDL ratio (P=0.01), TC/HDL ratio (P=0.001), and apo-B (P=0.01) decreased significantly. Also, VO2max (P=0.011) and HDL (P=0.010) increased dramatically after 8 weeks of participation in aerobic activity. Conclusion According to the results, an increase in physical activity can probably reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease. Also, physical activity with lowering the risk factors of developing CVD events and significant prevention of its progression, the beneficial properties of physical activity are underscored, and promoting its effectiveness as support for healthier lifestyles in the community and particularly among inactive men is emphasized.

The Effect of 4-weeks Perturbation Training on Balance, Movement Function, and Risk of Falling in Blind People

Background and Aims: Perturbation training is a type of exercise in which participants frequently experience loss of balance to practice and improve control of balance reactions. Due to postural control impairment in blind people, this study aimed to investigate the effect of 4-week perturbation-based balance training on risk of falling, movement function, and balance in people with visual impairment. Methods: In the current, 30 men with absolute visual impairment were randomly divided into control (n=15) and experimental (n=15) groups. The experimental group performed perturbation exercises for four weeks and three sessions per week for 60 minutes. To evaluate the static balance of the modified stork test, the dynamic balance of the Berg balance tests, the movement function of the Tinetti test, and the fall risk of the functional reach test before and after the training intervention were used. Data were analyzed using an independent t-test and repeated measures analysis of variance at the level of α=0.05. Results: The results showed that the experimental group had an increase in the mean scores of static balance (P=0.001), dynamic balance (P=0.001), movement function (P=0.001), and decreased risk of falling (P=0.001) and is significantly better than the control group. Also, in the post-test, the findings of intragroup changes showed that the experimental group had a more significant effect on increasing balance, increasing movement function, and decreasing the rate of falling than the control group (P<0.05). Conclusion: According to the results of the present study, the use of perturbation exercises improves balance, increases the level of movement function, and reduces the risk of falling in blind people. Due to the positive effects of exercises and the benefits of this type of rehabilitation, it is recommended that this rehabilitation program be performed on the blind and visually impaired. Sports instructors are advised to use the balance-based perturbation exercises in this study and other exercises for people with visual impairment to increase their fitness.

Effect of Sand Surface Training on Directed and General Co-contraction of Ankle Joint Muscles During Running

Background and Aims Foot overpronation is one of the most critical factors that cause musculoskeletal injuries and lead to greater mechanical loads in the lower limb structure. Sand is an unstable and unpredictable surface that has particular importance in human movement mechanics. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of sand surface training on directed and general co-contraction of ankle joint muscles in individuals with foot overpronation during running. Methods The present study was a randomized clinical trial type. Statistical samples of the present study included 15 males with foot overpronation in the control group and 15 males with foot overpronation in the intervention group. Individuals in the intervention group performed a sand surface training program consisting of continuous jogging, striding, bounding, galloping, and short sprints for 8 weeks. Tibialis anterior and gastrocnemius medialis muscles activity was evaluated by an 8-channel electromyography system with a surface electrode during running. A two-way ANOVA test was used for statistical analysis at the significant level P<0.05. Results The results demonstrated greater ankle-directed co-contraction in the push-off phase during post-test compared with the pre-test in the intervention group during training on sand (P=0.040). Other components of directed co-contraction in the different stages and general co-contraction in all phases did not demonstrate significant differences after sand training (P>0.05). Conclusion It seems greater ankle joint directed co-contraction in the push-off phase after training protocol reduced the risks of lower limb injuries and ankle instability in individuals with foot overpronation in this phase.

Effect of Kinesio Taping on Ankle Joint Kinematics During Landing on Stable and Unstable Surfaces in Ankle Sprain and Health Persons

Background and Aims: Landing is a typical sports motion that can create impact force 2-12 times of body weight, and finally, it’s one of the main reasons for non-contact injuries in ankle ligaments. Specialized. The usual effects of Kinesio tape include increasing proprioception, health direction of joints, reducing pain, and raising pressure on nervous tissue. The study aimed to investigate the effect of Kinesio taping on ankle joint kinematics during landing on stiff and soft surfaces in ankle sprain and healthy persons. Methods: The method of the present study was quasi-experimental with a two-group design in control groups (without ankle sprain) and experimental (with an ankle sprain). A total of 30 male students of the Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman were purposefully and accessibly selected and divided into two groups with (15 students) and without ankle sprains (15 students). Then, they performed both landing operations on stable and unstable surfaces, with and without Kinesio tape. Maximum dorsi and plantar flexion, supination, pronation and maximum ankle angular velocity parameters were recorded by a three-dimensional motion analysis system. Statistical analysis was performed using independent t-test and repeated measures analysis of variance at the significant level of 0.05. Results: There was no significant reduction in plantar flexion of the ankle in healthy and twisted individuals while landing on stable and unstable surfaces with and without Kinesio tape (P≤0.07), but there was a significant reduction in the dorsiflexion in both groups(P≤0.001). On the other hand, there was no significant decrease in pronation (P≤0.66), but there was a significant decrease in foot supination (P≤0.001). Conclusion: Generally, Kinesio tape in recovery ankle movement is offered to persons for ankle sprain. Thus recommendation landing exercises fare with more flexion angle and less knee joint valgus and more dorsiflexion angle at ankle joint and preferable on the unstable surfaces.