scholarly journals Management Factors Influence Animal Welfare and the Correlation to Infectious Diseases in Dairy Cows

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 3321
Author(s):  
Francesca Licitra ◽  
Laura Perillo ◽  
Francesco Antoci ◽  
Giuseppe Piccione ◽  
Claudia Giannetto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neospora Caninum ◽  
Bovine Herpesvirus ◽  
Farm Management ◽  
Bovine Viral Diarrhea ◽  
Percentage Score ◽  
Diarrhea Virus ◽  
Viral Diarrhea ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Viral Diarrhea Virus ◽  
Group 1

The present study assessed dairy cow welfare through the application of the Italian National Animal Welfare Reference Center (CReNBA) checklist in 36 dairy farms located in Ragusa (Italy) subjected to two different management conditions, housing with free access to pasture (Group 1, farms n = 17) and indoor housing (Group 2, farms n = 19). Five areas of investigation were considered: Area A, “Farm management and personnel”; Area B, “Facilities and equipment”; Area C, “Animal-based measures”; Area D, “Inspection of microclimatic environmental conditions and alarm systems”; and Area E, “Biosecurity”. Blood samples were collected by coccygeal venipuncture from all animals (4081 cows). The specific antibodies against Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis, Chlamydiophila abortus, Neospora caninum, bovine viral diarrhea virus, and the bovine herpesvirus were assessed by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) serological test. Group 1 (access to pasture) showed a lower value of percentage score recorded in Area A (p = 0.02) and E (p = 0.01) than Group 2 (indoor housing). Herpesvirus (Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis - IBR - detection of gB antibodies/IBR-gB) blood concentrations were higher in the cows housed indoor versus those with access to pasture (p = 0.01). Farm management and personnel (score A) was correlated with the level of bovine viral diarrhea virus (τ = 0.3754) and bovine-herpesvirus-specific antibodies (IBR-gB) (τ = 0.4159). “Biosecurity” percentage score showed a significant correlation with Chlamydiophila abortus (τ = −0.4621) in the cows with access to pasture and IBR-gB (τ = 0.3435) in the cows housed fully indoors. Group 2 showed a significantly reduced level of antibodies against Neospora caninum. In conclusion, differences in the welfare assessment score were observed in the “Farm management and personnel” and “Biosecurity” between the two management conditions. It had an effect on the prevalence of herpesvirus, which occurred more in cattle with access to pasture. Therefore, an accurate application of the checklist could be an instrument to prevent and control the spread of infections in farms.

scholarly journals A Hepadnavirus Regulatory Element Enhances Expression of a Type 2 Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus E2 Protein from a Bovine Herpesvirus 1 Vector

2003 ◽  
Vol 77 (16) ◽  
pp. 8775-8782 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lingshu Wang ◽  
Sreekumar Menon ◽  
Steven R. Bolin ◽  
Leonard J. Bello
Keyword(s):  
Regulatory Element ◽  
Bovine Herpesvirus ◽  
Bovine Viral Diarrhea ◽  
Bovine Herpesvirus 1 ◽  
E2 Protein ◽  
Diarrhea Virus ◽  
Viral Diarrhea ◽  
Herpesvirus 1 ◽  
Viral Diarrhea Virus

ABSTRACT Recently, the possibility of using virus vectors to immunize cattle against selected bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) genes has gained widespread interest. However, when we attempted to express the E2 protein from type 2 (890 strain) BVDV in a bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV1) vector, we observed that expression was poor. This often happens when genes from a cytoplasmic virus are expressed in the cell nucleus. To counter this effect, we attempted to enhance expression by a strategy employed by viruses. RNAs of retroviruses and hepadnaviruses contain cis-acting elements that facilitate expression of RNAs that otherwise are degraded or retained within the nucleus. In Mason-Pfizer monkey virus, the required RNA sequence element is known as a constitutive transport element (CTE). A related element from woodchuck hepatitis virus is known as the woodchuck posttranscriptional regulatory element (WPRE). We tested the ability of the CTE, the WPRE, and introns to enhance expression of E2. All three elements stimulated expression of E2 from plasmids. The combination of the WPRE and an intron yielded the highest level of E2 expression in plasmids. However, when E2 was expressed from a BHV1 vector, the presence of an intron was inhibitory. In contrast, the WPRE was very efficient at stimulating E2 expression from a BHV1 vector. This result represents the first expression of a type 2 BVDV E2 protein from a mammalian virus vector and raises the possibility that the WPRE may provide a general method of enhancing foreign gene expression from BHV1 and other herpesvirus vectors.

153 EFFECTS OF OVINE INTERFERON-β ON REPLICATION OF BOVINE VIRAL DIARRHEA VIRUS AND BOVINE HERPESVIRUS-1

2008 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 156 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. K. Galik ◽  
J. A. Gard ◽  
T. S. Spencer ◽  
M. S. Marley ◽  
D. A. Stringfellow ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Culture ◽  
Cell Cultures ◽  
Bovine Herpesvirus ◽  
Bovine Viral Diarrhea ◽  
Bovine Herpesvirus 1 ◽  
Diarrhea Virus ◽  
Viral Diarrhea ◽  
Mdbk Cells ◽  
Herpesvirus 1 ◽  
Viral Diarrhea Virus

Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) and bovine herpesvirus-1 (BHV-1) are the most commonly isolated viruses from abattoir-origin materials utilized in embryo production and known to associate with zona pellucida-intact (ZP-I) embryos after exposure and washing. Some evidence indicates that developing embryos may produce substances that are able to inhibit viral replication in adjacent cells. Interferons such as recombinant human interferon-α are known to have anti-BVDV activity but no effect against BHV-1. In some preliminary studies, bovine interferon-τ has shown antiviral activities against BVDV but not against BHV-1. However, interferon-τ in other species has not been evaluated for anti-BVDV and anti-BHV-1 effects. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the cytotoxicity and anti-viral effect of ovine interferon-τ against a non-cytopathic high affinity strain of BVDV (SD-1) and BHV-1 (Colorado) in cell culture. Serial dilutions (1:10) beginning with an initial concentration of 1 mg mL–1 of interferon-τ were made in 96-well plates and then Madin Darby bovine kidney (MDBK) cells were seeded in the wells. Cells and interferon-τ were incubated at 37.5�C in 5% CO2 and air for 24 h prior to addition of virus. The following concentrations of BVDV were added to the wells: 6000, 3500, 1000, 625, and 350 cell culture infective doses (CCID50) (50% endpoint) per well. In addition, four viral concentrations of BHV-1, 1000, 500, 250, and 100 CCID50/mL were evaluated in separate cell cultures. Virus isolation was utilized to determine if the addition of interferon-τ decreased the amount of infective virus. Ovine interferon-τ produced no observable cytotoxicity in MDBK cells in any of the assays. Also, the three highest concentrations of interferon-τ significantly decreased the amount of BVDV in all of the concentrations of BVDV tested but had no apparent effect on the concentration of BHV-1 in cell cultures. Therefore ovine interferon-τ has anti-BVDV effects similar to those seen with bovine interferont-τ and neither has any apparent antiviral activity on BHV-1 in cell culture. Additionally, ovine and bovine interferon-τ might serve to limit or prevent the transmission of BVDV and curtail the negative effects of BVDV on oocyte and embryo development. However, a similar effect is not expected for BHV-1.

scholarly journals Parapoxviral vulvovaginitis in Holstein cows

2018 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 464-467 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert B. Moeller ◽  
Beate Crossley ◽  
John M. Adaska ◽  
Gary Hsia ◽  
Richard Kahn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bovine Herpesvirus ◽  
Bovine Viral Diarrhea ◽  
Bovine Herpesvirus 1 ◽  
Diarrhea Virus ◽  
Viral Diarrhea ◽  
Intracytoplasmic Inclusions ◽  
Deep Ulceration ◽  
Bovine Papular Stomatitis Virus ◽  
Herpesvirus 1 ◽  
Viral Diarrhea Virus

A group of Holstein first-calved heifers developed small pustules and ulcers on the vulva and in the vagina during the first 1–4 wk postpartum. The lesions varied from small red pinpoint foci to pustules and ulcers, 3–5 mm diameter. Some ulcers coalesced to form large ulcerated areas up to 15 mm diameter. In some animals, these ulcers progressed to become deep ulceration of the vaginal and vulvar mucosa with >50% of the mucosa involved. Vaginal biopsies from 4 heifers and vaginal individual swabs from 8 heifers for a combined sampling of 9 heifers were taken for clinical assessment. Six of the 9 heifers had parapoxvirus based on histopathology and/or PCR. Histologic examination of the biopsies of the pustules identified ballooning degeneration of the epithelium with degenerate epithelium containing eosinophilic intracytoplasmic inclusions consistent with a parapoxvirus in 3 of 4 biopsies. Testing for bovine herpesvirus 1, 2, and 4, bovine viral diarrhea virus, bovine papular stomatitis virus, and orf virus remained negative.

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