Psychosocial Problems among Nurses in Patient’s Care of COVID-19: A Literature Review

Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) had an impact on a health crisis, thus posing a major threat to the health of nurses. Nurses was at risk for psychosocial problems while caring for COVID-19 patients. The aims of this study was to analyzed the psychosocial aspects that occured to nurses when caring for COVID-19 patients during the pandemic. Searching articles used five databases such as Google Scholar, Proquest, ScienceDirect, PubMed, and Taylor & Francis Online. Research designs used cross-sectional and qualitative. The findings in this study were divided into two themes, namely the form of nurses psychosocial responses when caring for COVID-19 patients such as viral contamination, abnormal separation, decreased immunity, social pressure, and uncertainty and strategies for nurses' psychosocial handling efforts when caring for patients COVID-19 such as social support, participation in training, support groups, calming activities, and improving the quality ofresources. The condition of psychosocial problems experienced by nurses when caring for COVID19 patients will be expected to be able to carry out effective coping strategies such as promotive, preventive, curative, and rehabilitative so that nurses are able to adapt during pandemic to improve the quality of effective services.

Estimated quantity of swine virus genomes based on quantitative PCR analysis in spray-dried porcine plasma samples collected from multiple manufacturing plants.

This survey was conducted to estimate the incidence and level of potential viral contamination in commercially collected porcine plasma. Samples of spray dried porcine plasma (SDPP) were collected over a 12- month period from eight spray drying facilities in Spain, England, Northern Ireland, Brazil, Canada, and the United States. In this survey, viral load for several porcine pathogens including SVA, TGEV, PRRSV (EU and US strains), PEDV, PCV2, SIV, SDCoV and PPV were determined by qPCR. Regression of Ct on TCID50 of serial diluted stock solution of each virus allowed the estimate of potential viral level in SDPP and unprocessed liquid plasma (using typical solids content of commercially collected porcine plasma). In this survey SVA, TGEV or SDCoV were not detected in any of the SDPP samples. Brazil SDPP samples were free of PRRSV and PEDV. Samples of SDPP from North America primarily contained the PRRSV-US strain while the European samples contained the PRRSV-EU strain (except for one sample from each region containing a low estimated level of the alternative PRRSV strain). Estimated viral level tended to be low ranging from <1.0 log 10 TCID 50 to <2.5 log 10 TCID 50 . Estimated level of SIV was the exception with a very low incidence rate but higher estimated viral load <3.9 log 10 TCID 50 . In summary, the incidence of potential viral contamination in commercially collected porcine plasma was variable and estimated virus level in samples containing viral DNA/RNA was low.

Molecular Detection of Adenovirus in Tap Water from Coastal Areas Of Karachi Pakistan:The Real-Time PCR Assay

Introduction/Objective Diarrhea is a major source of morbidity and mortality in low-income and middle-income countries. In underdeveloped countries, diseases caused by viruses identified in environmental samples cause major health problems. Little knowledge about the frequency and pattern of viral contamination of drinking water sources in these resource-poor settings. Adenovirus which causes watery diarrhea, particular has been recognized as important causal pathogen. Adenovirus remains a global threat to public health and an indicator of inequity and lack of social development. Tap water samples from coastal sites in Karachi between 2019 and 2020 over a period of 11 months. The total of 40 tap water sample was examined for infectious Adenovirus by a real time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification. Methods/Case Report This Pilot study is conducted on tap water samples from Karachi Pakistan, n=40 are processed. Extraction of nucleic acid from all filtered water samples collected with Sterivex filter units by using Qiagen DNeasy Power Water Sterivex Kit. As per the manufacturer’s instruction. Phocine herpesvirus(PhHV) is added as an external positive control to monitor the efficiency of nucleic acid extraction and amplification. TaqMan Universal PCR Master Mix (Thermo Fisher Scientific) is being used in probe based real time PCR assay,the below 35 Ct value is considered as a positive sample. Results (if a Case Study enter NA) Results showed the total of 37.7% of the sources were positive for adenovirus.The level of viral contamination was moderate to high. Conclusion The results has been showed that no seasonal pattern for viral contaminations was found after samples obtained during the dry and wet seasons were compared. Further the Real time PCR assay increases the sensitivity and provides the high resolution of pathogen detection.

Virological Environmental Analysis

The presence of enteric viruses in water is now a confirmed fact by various epidemiological studies. The viral contamination of the water could strongly influence the human’s health either through the type the water: bathing or drinking water, or indirectly to the contamination of different types of food that come into contact with contaminated water. The virological environmental analysis poses several problems related to the delay with which the samples are taken, the volumes to be analyzed, the methods of concentrations of water and the methods applied for identifying to present viruses. The molecular techniques have greatly simplified the virological analysis for isolation of viruses, although they are methods that require a certain experience in laboratory techniques.

Food contamination, food safety and COVID-19 outbreak

PurposeCOVID-19) is the present global problem. The potential for food borne transmission of COVID-19 becomes a present discussed public health issue. At present, there are many reports on the food contamination with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). It is no doubt that the viral contamination in food is possible. The authors summarize and discuss on food contamination, food safety and COVID-19 outbreak.Design/methodology/approachThe authors give a commentary on the available data on food contamination during COVID-19 outbreak. Based on basic food safety principles, the authors build an argument on available recommendation regarding food safety during the COVID-19 outbreak.FindingsIt still lacks in many details of food safety during COVID-19 pandemic. Public health personnel usually refer to classical food safety principles for recommending general people about food safety, but it still lacks for updated specific data on COVID-19. The present commentary gives some few ideas and it is necessary to have further specific research on this specific issue.Originality/valueThis is an original commentary regarding the new contemporary problem on food contamination, food safety and COVID-19 outbreak.

Limiting potential COVID-19 contagion in squatting public toilets

Background: Since the outbreak of the SARS-CoV-2 virus in December 2019, the COVID-19 pandemic continues to threaten global stability. Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 is mostly by respiratory droplets and direct contact but viral RNA fragments have also been detected in the faecal waste of patients with COVID-19. Cleanliness and effective sanitation of public toilets is a concern, as flushing the toilet is potentially an aerosol generating procedure. When the toilets are of the squatting type and without a cover, there exists a risk of viral contamination through the splashing of toilet water and aerosol generation. Objective: This study aims to determine whether the cleanliness of public toilets was a concern to the general population during the COVID-19 pandemic, and whether a squatting toilet was preferred to a seated design. Methods: A questionnaire was designed and posted on “WeChat” contact groups of the investigators. Results: The survey showed that 91% of participants preferred squatting toilets, but that 72% were apprehensive of personal contamination when using public toilets. Over 63% of the respondents had encountered an incidence of water splash and would prefer public toilets to be covered during flushing and 83% of these respondents preferred a foot-controlled device. Conclusion: This survey suggests that consideration should be given to the installation of a simple foot-controlled device to cover public squatting toilets to help restrict potential COVID-19 contamination and to meet hygienic expectations of the public.