Effects of the COVID-19 Lockdown on Body Composition and Bioelectrical Phase Angle in Serie A Soccer Players: A Comparison of Two Consecutive Seasons

The present study compared changes in body composition during the COVID-19-associated lockdown with the same period of the following season in elite soccer players. Fifteen elite male soccer players (30.5 ± 3.6 years.) underwent a bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) before (end of February) and after (end of May) the lockdown, which occurred during the 2019/2020 season, and at the same period during the following competitive season in 2020/2021, when restrictions were lifted. Fat and muscle mass were estimated using predictive equations, while phase angle (PhA) and bioelectrical impedance vector analysis (BIVA) patterns were directly measured. After lockdown, fat mass remained unchanged (p > 0.05), while muscle mass (95%CI = −1.12/−0.64; ES = −2.04) and PhA (95%CI = 0.51/−0.24, ES = −1.56) decreased. A rightward displacement of the BIVA vector was also found (p < 0.001, ES = 1.50). After the same period during the regular season, FM% and muscle mass did not change (p > 0.05), while the PhA increased (95%CI = 0.01/0.22; ES = 0.63). A leftward vector displacement (p < 0.001, ES = 1.05) was also observed. The changes in muscle mass correlated with changes in PhA (“lockdown” season 2019/2020: ß = −1.128, p = 0.011; “regular” season 2020/21: ß = 1.963, p = 0.011). In conclusion, coaches and strength conditioners should monitor muscle mass in soccer players during detraining periods as this parameter appears to be mainly affected by changes in training plans.

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Identifying Athlete Body Fluid Changes During a Competitive Season With Bioelectrical Impedance Vector Analysis

International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance ◽

10.1123/ijspp.2019-0285 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 15 (3) ◽

pp. 361-367 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Francesco Campa ◽

Catarina N. Matias ◽

Elisabetta Marini ◽

Steven B. Heymsfield ◽

Stefania Toselli ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Phase Angle ◽

Body Fluid ◽

Bioelectrical Impedance ◽

Impedance Analysis ◽

Fat Free Mass ◽

Vector Analysis ◽

Bioelectrical Impedance Vector Analysis ◽

Competitive Season ◽

Impedance Vector ◽

Total Body

Purpose: To analyze the association between body fluid changes evaluated by bioelectrical impedance vector analysis and dilution techniques over a competitive season in athletes. Methods: A total of 58 athletes of both sexes (men: age 18.7 [4.0] y and women: age 19.2 [6.0] y) engaging in different sports were evaluated at the beginning (pre) and 6 months after (post) the competitive season. Deuterium dilution and bromide dilution were used as the criterion methods to assess total body water (TBW) and extracellular water (ECW), respectively; intracellular water (ICW) was calculated as TBW–ECW. Bioelectrical resistance and reactance were obtained with a phase-sensitive 50-kHz bioelectrical impedance analysis device; bioelectrical impedance vector analysis was applied. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry was used to assess fat mass and fat-free mass. The athletes were empirically classified considering TBW change (pre–post, increase or decrease) according to sex. Results: Significant mean vector displacements in the postgroups were observed in both sexes. Specifically, reductions in vector length (Z/H) were associated with increases in TBW and ICW (r = −.718, P < .01; r = −.630, P < .01, respectively) and decreases in ECW:ICW ratio (r = .344, P < .05), even after adjusting for age, height, and sex. Phase-angle variations were positively associated with TBW and ICW (r = .458, P < .01; r = .564, P < .01, respectively) and negatively associated with ECW:ICW (r = −.436, P < .01). Phase angle significantly increased in all the postgroups except in women in whom TBW decreased. Conclusions: The results suggest that bioelectrical impedance vector analysis is a suitable method to obtain a qualitative indication of body fluid changes during a competitive season in athletes.

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Ethnic differences in fat and muscle mass and their implication for interpretation of bioelectrical impedance vector analysis

Applied Physiology Nutrition and Metabolism ◽

10.1139/apnm-2018-0276 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 44 (6) ◽

pp. 619-626 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Björn Jensen ◽

Takashi Moritoyo ◽

Martha Kaufer-Horwitz ◽

Sven Peine ◽

Kristina Norman ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Skeletal Muscle ◽

Body Composition ◽

Muscle Mass ◽

Phase Angle ◽

Ethnic Differences ◽

Bioelectrical Impedance ◽

World Health ◽

Vector Analysis ◽

Bioelectrical Impedance Vector Analysis ◽

Impedance Vector

According to the World Health Organization Expert Consultation, current body mass index (BMI) cut-offs should be retained as an international classification. However, there are ethnic differences in BMI-associated health risks that may be caused by differences in body fat or skeletal muscle mass and these may affect the interpretation of phase angle and bioelectrical impedance vector analysis (BIVA). Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare body composition measured by bioelectrical impedance analysis among 1048 German, 1026 Mexican, and 995 Japanese adults encompassing a wide range of ages and BMIs (18–78 years; BMI, 13.9–44.3 kg/m2). Regression analyses between body composition parameters and BMI were used to predict ethnic-specific reference values at the standard BMI cut-offs of 18.5, 25, and 30 kg/m2. German men and women had a higher fat-free mass per fat mass compared with Mexicans. Normal-weight Japanese were similar to Mexicans but approached the German phenotype with increasing BMI. The skeletal muscle index (SMI, kg/m2) was highest in Germans, whereas in BIVA, the Mexican group had the longest vector, and the Japanese group had the lowest phase angle and the highest extracellular/total body water ratio. Ethnic differences in regional partitioning of fat and muscle mass at the trunk and the extremities contribute to differences in BIVA and phase angle. In conclusion, not only the relationship between BMI and adiposity is ethnic specific; in addition, fat distribution, SMI, and muscle mass distribution vary at the same BMI. These results emphasize the need for ethnic-specific normal values in the diagnosis of obesity and sarcopenia.

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Bioelectrical impedance vector analysis (BIVA) to evaluate seasonal variations in body composition of elite soccer players

Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition ◽

10.1186/1550-2783-8-s1-p37 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 8 (S1) ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Angelini Bonuccelli ◽

Fabrizio Marzatico ◽

Gianluca Stesina ◽

Luca Stefanini ◽

Daniela Buonocore ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Body Composition ◽

Seasonal Variations ◽

Bioelectrical Impedance ◽

Soccer Players ◽

Vector Analysis ◽

Bioelectrical Impedance Vector Analysis ◽

Impedance Vector

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Assessment of adult malnutrition with bioelectrical impedance analysis

10.21941/manueltask13 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Corinna Geisler ◽

Mark Hübers ◽

Manfred Müller

Keyword(s):

Skeletal Muscle ◽

Body Composition ◽

Adipose Tissue ◽

Muscle Mass ◽

Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis ◽

Skeletal Muscle Mass ◽

Bioelectrical Impedance ◽

Impedance Analysis ◽

Composition Characteristics

The two aims of this study were to evaluate (i) the prevalence of malnutrition based on age, sex and BMI specific PA and (ii) to determinate what specific body composition characteristics (skeletal muscle mass and adipose tissue) are related to a low PA.

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Body Composition and Exercise Performance in Youth With a Fontan Circulation: A Bio‐Impedance Based Study

Journal of the American Heart Association ◽

10.1161/jaha.120.018345 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (24) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Adam W. Powell ◽

Samuel G. Wittekind ◽

Tarek Alsaied ◽

Adam M. Lubert ◽

Clifford Chin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Skeletal Muscle ◽

Body Composition ◽

Muscle Mass ◽

Body Fat ◽

Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis ◽

Skeletal Muscle Mass ◽

Bioelectrical Impedance ◽

Impedance Analysis ◽

Fontan Circulation ◽

Z Score

Background Adults with a Fontan circulation tend to have myopenia and elevated adiposity when measured by dual energy x‐ray absorptiometry. Bioelectrical impedance analysis is an alternative validated approach to assess body composition. We used bioelectrical impedance analysis to compare body composition between pediatric patients with a Fontan circulation and control individuals without heart disease. Methods and Results A retrospective chart review identified all patients aged <22 years with a Fontan circulation who presented for cardiopulmonary exercise testing and bioelectrical impedance analysis from April 2019 to January 2020. Data were compared with control subjects tested during the same period. We studied 47 patients with a Fontan circulation (53% boys; 15±3.1 years) and 165 controls (48% boys; 14.4±2.5 years). Fontan status was associated with shorter height, but similar age, sex, and overall body mass. Patients with Fontan had lower lean body mass (−12.0±22%, Z‐score −0.5±1, P =0.005), skeletal muscle mass (−13.6±1.4%; Z‐score, −0.5±1; P =0.004), skeletal muscle indexed to height (−10.3±13.3%; Z‐score, −0.5±1; P =0.005), and higher percent body fat (+13.8±18.6%; Z‐score, 0.4±1.2; P =0.03). Greater skeletal muscle mass was associated with higher peak oxygen consumption ( r 2 =0.52, P <0.0001) and oxygen pulse ( r 2 =0.68, P <0.0001). Patients who had suffered a late complication (ie, heart transplant referral or evidence of extracardiac organ dysfunction) of the Fontan operation (13 of 47, 27.7%) had lower skeletal muscle mass ( P =0.048) and higher body fat percentage ( P =0.003). Conclusions The Fontan circulation is associated with marked myopenia and increased adiposity. Higher muscle mass was associated with better exercise capacity. Fontan complications are associated with lower muscle mass and increased adiposity.

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