scholarly journals Specific and Non-Specific Biomarkers in Neuroendocrine Gastroenteropancreatic Tumors

Cancers ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 1113 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Sansone ◽  
Rosa Lauretta ◽  
Sebastiano Vottari ◽  
Alfonsina Chiefari ◽  
Agnese Barnabei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Pancreatic Islets ◽  
Neuroendocrine Tumors ◽  
Chromogranin A ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Neuroendocrine System ◽  
Hormone Production ◽  
Bioactive Substances ◽  
Diffuse Neuroendocrine System

The diagnosis of neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) is a challenging task: Symptoms are rarely specific, and clinical manifestations are often evident only when metastases are already present. However, several bioactive substances secreted by NETs can be included for diagnostic, prognostic, and predictive purposes. Expression of these substances differs between different NETs according to the tumor hormone production. Gastroenteropancreatic (GEP) NETs originate from the diffuse neuroendocrine system of the gastrointestinal tract and pancreatic islets cells: These tumors may produce many non-specific and specific substances, such as chromogranin A, insulin, gastrin, glucagon, and serotonin, which shape the clinical manifestations of the NETs. To provide an up-to-date reference concerning the different biomarkers, as well as their main limitations, we reviewed and summarized existing literature.

scholarly journals Neuroendocrine Tumors — Laboratory Diagnosis

2010 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 254-264 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Tzontcheva
Keyword(s):  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Tumor Markers ◽  
Neuroendocrine Tumors ◽  
Chromogranin A ◽  
Endocrine Cells ◽  
Neuron Specific Enolase ◽  
Laboratory Diagnosis ◽  
Pancreatic Tumors ◽  
Endocrine Pancreatic Tumors ◽  
Well Differentiated

Neuroendocrine Tumors — Laboratory DiagnosisNeuroendocrine tumors (NETs) are a heterogeneous group of neoplasms originating from endocrine cells, which are characterized by the presence of secretory granules as well as the ability to produce biogenic amines and polypeptide hormones. These tumors originate from endocrine glands such as the adrenal medulla, the pituitary, and the parathyroids, as well as endocrine islets within the thyroid or the pancreas, and dispersed endocrine cells in the respiratory and gastrointestinal tract. The clinical behavior of NETs is extremely variable; they may be functioning or not functioning, ranging from very slow-growing tumors (well-differentiated NETs), which are the majority, to highly aggressive and very malignant tumors (poorly differentiated NETs). Classically, NETs of the gastrointestinal tract are classified into 2 main groups: (1) carcinoids and (2) endocrine pancreatic tumors (EPTs). Most neuroendocrine tumors produce and secrete a multitude of peptide hormones and amines. Some of these substances cause a specific clinical syndrome: carcinoid, Zollinger-Ellison, hyperglycemic, glucagonoma and WDHA syndrome. Specific markers for these syndromes are basal and/or stimulated levels of urinary 5-HIAA, serum or plasma gastrin, insulin, glucagon and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, respectively. Some carcinoid tumors and about one third of endocrine pancreatic tumors do not present any clinical symptoms and are called ‘nonfunctioning’ tumors. Therefore, general tumor markers such as chromogranin A, pancreatic polypeptide, serum neuron-specific enolase and subunits of glycoprotein hormones have been used for screening purposes in patients without distinct clinical hormone-related symptoms. Among these general tumor markers chromogranin A, although its precise function is not yet established, has been shown to be a very sensitive and specific serum marker for various types of neuroendocrine tumors. This is because it may also be elevated in many cases of less well-differentiated tumors of neuroendocrine origin that do not secrete known hormones. At the moment, chromogranin A is considered the best general neuroendocrine serum or plasma marker available both for diagnosis and therapeutic evaluation, and is increased in 50-100% of patients with various neuroendocrine tumors. Chromogranin A serum or plasma levels reflect tumor load, and it may be an independent marker of prognosis in patients with midgut carcinoids.

scholarly journals Histological and Histochemical Description of the Pancreas in the Adult Lesser Capybara (Hydrochoerus isthmius)

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (43) ◽  
pp. 17-18
Author(s):  
Gabriel Álvarez Otero ◽  
Cesar Rojano Bolaño ◽  
Juan Carrascal Velásquez
Keyword(s):  
Pancreatic Islets ◽  
Islets Of Langerhans ◽  
Endocrine Cells ◽  
Neuroendocrine System ◽  
Diffuse Neuroendocrine System ◽  
Pancreatic Islets Of Langerhans

The aim of this study was to describe histologically and histochemically the pancreas of three adult Hydrochoerus isthmius, attacked by feral dog in Buenavista, Córdoba, Colombia. A complete necropsy was performed and pancreatic fragments were collected and stored in 10% buffered formalin and Bouin liquid. Then, they were dehydrated, diaphanized and embedded in paraffin, stained with Hematoxylin & Eosin, P.A.S., Gomori trichrome, Grimelius and Masson Fontana modified. The H. isthmius pancreas presented a duodenal mesenteric pattern. The exocrine portion was described as a composite tubuloacinar gland. The endocrine portion of the pancreas was constituted by pancreatic islets of Langerhans and a diffuse neuroendocrine system. The histological and histochemical techniques used allowed us to identify the exocrine and endocrine portion of the organ. It is suggested to complement this study with some special techniques for the identification of specific endocrine cells, such as Beta, Alpha, Delta, Epsilon, PP or Gamma.

Neuroendocrine tumors of the diffuse neuroendocrine system

2008 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Björn I Gustafsson ◽  
Mark Kidd ◽  
Irvin M Modlin
Keyword(s):  
Neuroendocrine Tumors ◽  
Neuroendocrine System ◽  
Diffuse Neuroendocrine System

scholarly journals Small-Cell Carcinoma of Nasopharynx: A Case Report of Unusual Localization

2020 ◽  
pp. 014556132097378
Author(s):  
Massimo Mesolella ◽  
Salvatore Allosso ◽  
Silvia Varricchio ◽  
Daniela Russo ◽  
Sara Pignatiello ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Case Report ◽  
Neuroendocrine Tumors ◽  
Tumor Size ◽  
Small Cell ◽  
Neuroendocrine System ◽  
Neuroendocrine Cells ◽  
Biological Behavior ◽  
Histological Differentiation ◽  
Small Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma ◽  
Diffuse Neuroendocrine System

Neuroendocrine tumors are a spectrum of rare and highly heterogeneous neoplasms with distinct functional and biological behavior in relation to location, tumor size, and histological differentiation. Neuroendocrine tumors arise from the neuroendocrine cells of the diffuse neuroendocrine system located in almost every organ. Neuroendocrine tumors in the head and neck district are usually reported in sinonasal cavities and larynx. We present the case of a nasopharyngeal small-cell neuroendocrine carcinoma, which, as far as we know, is the 16th case reported in literature.

Pre-operative Diagnosis of Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors with Endoscopic Ultrasonography and Computed Tomography in a Large Series

2016 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 317-321 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raffaele Manta ◽  
Elisabetta Nardi ◽  
Nico Pagano ◽  
Claudio Ricci ◽  
Mariano Sica ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Neuroendocrine Tumors ◽  
Endoscopic Ultrasonography ◽  
Fine Needle Aspiration ◽  
Chromogranin A ◽  
Needle Aspiration ◽  
Large Series ◽  
Tumor Diameter ◽  
Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors ◽  
Fine Needle

Background & Aims: Diagnosis of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (p-NETs) is frequently challenging. We describe a large series of patients with p-NETs in whom both pre-operative Computed Tomography (CT) and Endoscopic Ultrasonography (EUS) were performed. Methods: This was a retrospective analysis of prospectively collected sporadic p-NET cases. All patients underwent both standard multidetector CT study and EUS with fine-needle aspiration (FNA). The final histological diagnosis was achieved on a post-surgical specimen. Chromogranin A (CgA) levels were measured. Results: A total of 80 patients (mean age: 58 ± 14.2 years; males: 42) were enrolled. The diameter of functioning was significantly lower than that of non-functioning p-NETs (11.2 ± 8.5 mm vs 19.8 ± 12.2 mm; P = 0.0004). The CgA levels were more frequently elevated in non-functioning than functioning pNET patients (71.4% vs 46.9%; P = 0.049). Overall, the CT study detected the lesion in 51 (63.7%) cases, being negative in 26 (68.4%) patients with a tumor ≤10 mm, and in a further 3 (15%) cases with a tumor diameter ≤20 mm. CT overlooked the pancreatic lesion more frequently in patients with functioning than non-functioning p-NETs (46.5% vs 24.3%; P = 0.002). EUS allowed a more precise pre-operative tumor measurement, with an overall incorrect dimension in only 9 (11.2%) patients. Of note, the EUS-guided FNA suspected the neuroendocrine nature of tumor in all cases. Conclusions: Data of this large case series would suggest that the EUS should be included in the diagnostic work-up in all patients with a suspected p-NET, even when the CT study was negative for a primary lesion in the pancreas.– . Abbrevations: CgA: chromogranin A; EUS: Endoscopic Ultrasonography; FNA: fine-needle aspiration; p-NETs: pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors.

NEUROENDOCRINE TUMORS OF THE PANCREAS: ETIOLOGY, PATHOGENESIS, DIAGNOSIS, AND CURRENT TREATMENT APPROACHES

2018 ◽  
Vol 64 (6) ◽  
pp. 830-839
Author(s):  
Temuri Morgoshiya
Keyword(s):  
Neuroendocrine Tumors ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Gastrointestinal Hormones ◽  
Current Treatment ◽  
High Potential ◽  
Long Term Results ◽  
Considerable Part ◽  
Treatment Approaches ◽  
By Products

The overview of literature on modem classification issues, diagnostics and treatments of neuroendocrinal tumors of a pancreas is provided. According to modern views all neuroendocrinal tumors of a pancreas having clinical manifestations (in the form of the syndromes caused by products of specific hormones; increases in level of hormones in blood of patients without clinical manifestations; in the form of signs of existence of volume education in various departments of PZh) and/or the researches (more than 5 mm) revealed by means of beam methods are malignant in the biology as they have high potential to innidiation. In article it is shown that a considerable part of neuroendocrinal tumors of a pancreas are nonfunctioning, i.e. not cosecreting various gastrointestinal hormones and polypeptides in blood and thereof not followed characteristic clinical manifestations. It is noted that diagnostics of neuroendocrinal tumors of a pancreas is extremely difficult task on which solution the choice of a method of treatment and its long-term results depends...

Quantification of chromogranin A with a surface plasmon resonance-based biosensor

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yang Xiao ◽  
Yang Tai ◽  
Xin Quan ◽  
Chong Zhao ◽  
Rui Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Plasmon Resonance ◽  
Surface Plasmon ◽  
Neuroendocrine Tumors ◽  
Plasmon Resonance ◽  
Chromogranin A ◽  
Traditional Methods

The chromogranin A (CgA) level in the blood is an important biomarker for neuroendocrine tumors and other diseases. Traditional methods for detecting CgA are expensive and time-consuming with low reproducibility....

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