Detection Papers with Metal Complexes with Triphenylmethane Dyes for the Detection of G-Series Nerve Agents (Sarin, Soman, Cyclosarin) in the Liquid Phase

The paper presents the results of the study of the possibilities of using color metal complexes to detect the presence of chemical warfare agents (CWA) in liquid or aerosol form. Aluminon/Fe3+ and Eriochrome Cyanine R/Cu2+ coordination complexes and their ability to detect CWA in liquid phase are discussed. Detection systems have been demonstrated on instances of simple detection papers exposed to drops of real CWAs. Detection papers showed a positive response to G-series nerve agents and vesicant lewisite. Other liquid CWA do not interfere and the systems are also resistant to common organic solvents and a wide range of industrial chemicals.

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Identification of Novel Simulants for Toxic Industrial Chemicals and Chemical Warfare Agents for Human Decontamination Studies: A Systematic Review and Categorisation of Physicochemical Characteristics

10.20944/preprints202107.0471.v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Thomas James ◽

Samuel Collins ◽

Tim Marczylo

Keyword(s):

Chemical Warfare Agents ◽

Physicochemical Characteristics ◽

Systemic Absorption ◽

Industrial Chemicals ◽

Toxic Industrial Chemicals ◽

Toxic Agents ◽

Water Partition Coefficient ◽

Human Volunteers ◽

Wide Range ◽

Warfare Agents

Chemical simulants have long been used in human trials of mass decontamination to determine the efficacy of decontamination interventions against more toxic agents. Until now, reliance has mostly been on individual chemicals as surrogates to specific agents (e.g. methyl salicylate for sulphur mustard). A literature review was conducted to identify chemicals that had been previously tested on human volunteers and that represent diverse physicochemical characteristics in order to create a repository for chemical simulants. Of the 171 unique chemicals identified 78 were discounted for the risk they could pose to human volunteers, 39 were deemed suitable for use and a further 54 were considered to be possible simulants but would require further research. Suitable simulants included both solid and liquid chemicals spanning a wide range of physicochemical properties including molecular weight, octanol/ water partition coefficient, vapour pressure and solubility. This review has identified an array of potential simulants suitable for use in human volunteer decontamination studies and is of relevance to future studies on systemic absorption and surface decontamination.

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Identification of Novel Simulants for Toxic Industrial Chemicals and Chemical Warfare Agents for Human Decontamination Studies: A Systematic Review and Categorisation of Physicochemical Characteristics

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph18168681 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (16) ◽

pp. 8681

Author(s):

Thomas James ◽

Samuel Collins ◽

Tim Marczylo

Keyword(s):

Chemical Warfare Agents ◽

Physicochemical Characteristics ◽

Systemic Absorption ◽

Industrial Chemicals ◽

Toxic Industrial Chemicals ◽

Toxic Agents ◽

Water Partition Coefficient ◽

Human Volunteers ◽

Wide Range ◽

Warfare Agents

Chemical simulants have long been used in human trials of mass decontamination to determine the efficacy of decontamination interventions against more toxic agents. Until now, reliance has mostly been on individual chemicals as surrogates to specific agents (e.g., methyl salicylate for sulphur mustard). A literature review was conducted to identify chemicals that had been previously tested on human volunteers and that represent diverse physicochemical characteristics in order to create a repository for chemical simulants. Of the 171 unique chemicals identified, 78 were discounted for the risk they could pose to human volunteers, 39 were deemed suitable for use, and a further 54 were considered to be possible simulants but would require further research. Suitable simulants included both solid and liquid chemicals spanning a wide range of physicochemical properties including molecular weight, octanol/water partition coefficient, vapour pressure, and solubility. This review identifies an array of potential simulants suitable for use in human volunteer decontamination studies and is of relevance to future studies on systemic absorption and surface decontamination.

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SEMICONDUCTOR GAS SENSORS FOR DETECTION OF CHEMICAL WARFARE AGENTS AND TOXIC INDUSTRIAL CHEMICALS

Alternative Energy and Ecology (ISJAEE) ◽

10.15518/isjaee.2018.01-03.037-048 ◽

2018 ◽

pp. 37-48

Author(s):

V. M. Aroutiounian

Keyword(s):

Gas Sensors ◽

Chemical Warfare Agents ◽

Chemical Warfare ◽

Industrial Chemicals ◽

Toxic Industrial Chemicals ◽

Warfare Agents ◽

Semiconductor Gas Sensors

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Optical detection of chemical warfare agents and toxic industrial chemicals

10.1117/12.579109 ◽

2004 ◽

Author(s):

Michael E. Webber ◽

Michael B. Pushkarsky ◽

C. Kumar N. Patel

Keyword(s):

Optical Detection ◽

Chemical Warfare Agents ◽

Chemical Warfare ◽

Industrial Chemicals ◽

Toxic Industrial Chemicals ◽

Warfare Agents

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Chemical Warfare Agents and Toxic Industrial Chemicals

Detection Technologies for Chemical Warfare Agents and Toxic Vapors ◽

10.1201/9780203485705.ch2 ◽

2004 ◽

pp. 9-32

Keyword(s):

Chemical Warfare Agents ◽

Chemical Warfare ◽

Industrial Chemicals ◽

Toxic Industrial Chemicals ◽

Warfare Agents

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Nerve agents: emergency preparedness

BMJ Military Health ◽

10.1136/jramc-2019-001380 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 166 (1) ◽

pp. 42-46

Author(s):

Alan George Andrew Weir ◽

S Makin ◽

J Breeze

Keyword(s):

Emergency Preparedness ◽

Emergency Services ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Chemical Warfare Agents ◽

Nerve Agents ◽

Clinical Effects ◽

Individual Agent ◽

Warfare Agents ◽

The Individual ◽

The Uk

Nerve agents (NAs) are a highly toxic group of chemical warfare agents. NAs are organophosphorus esters with varying physical and chemical properties depending on the individual agent. The most recently developed class of NA is ‘Novichok’, the existence of which was first revealed in the early 1990s, just before Russia signed the Chemical Weapons Convention. In 1984, Iraq became the first nation to deploy NA on the battlefield when they used tabun against Iranian military forces in Majnoon Island near Basra. The first terrorist use of an NA is believed to be the attack in Matsumoto, Japan, on 27 June 1994 by the Aum Shinrikyo doomsday cult. Symptoms and ultimate toxicity from NA poisoning are related to the agent involved, the form and degree of exposure, and rapidity of medical treatment. The classic toxidrome of significant exposure to NA comprises bronchorrhoea, bronchospasm, bradycardia and convulsions, with an onset period of as early as a few seconds depending on the mode and extent of exposure. If medical management is not instituted rapidly, death may occur in minutes by asphyxiation and cardiac arrest. In the UK, emergency preparedness for NA poisoning includes an initial operational response programme across all blue light emergency services and key first responders. This paper describes the development, pathophysiology, clinical effects and current guidance for management of suspected NA poisoning. It also summarises the known events in which NA poisoning has been confirmed.

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Detection Papers with Chromogenic Chemosensors for Direct Visual Detection and Distinction of Liquid Chemical Warfare Agents

Chemosensors ◽

10.3390/chemosensors7030030 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 7 (3) ◽

pp. 30 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Vladimír Pitschmann ◽

Lukáš Matějovský ◽

Kamila Lunerová ◽

Michal Dymák ◽

Martin Urban ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Chemical Warfare Agents ◽

Nerve Agents ◽

Chemical Warfare ◽

Bromocresol Green ◽

Ph Indicator ◽

Nitrogen Mustards ◽

Experimental Development ◽

Influence Of Water ◽

Warfare Agents ◽

Hydrophobic Treatment

This work provides a summary of our results in the area of the experimental development of detection paper for the detection of liquid phase chemical warfare agents (drops, aerosol), the presence of which is demonstrated by the development of characteristic coloring visible to the naked eye. The basis of the detection paper is a cellulose carrier saturated with the dithienobenzotropone monomer (RM1a)–chromogenic chemosensor sensitive to nerve agents of the G type, blister agent lewisite, or choking agent diphosgene. We achieve a higher coloring brilliance and the limit certain interferences by using this chemosensor in the mix of the o-phenylendiamine-pyronine (PY-OPD). We prove that the addition of the Bromocresol Green pH indicator even enables detection of nerve agents of the V type, or, nitrogen mustards, while keeping a high stability of the detection paper and its functions for other chemical warfare agents. We resolve the resistance against the undesirable influence of water by providing a hydrophobic treatment of the carrier surface.

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