Normalized difference vegetation index for desiccation evaluation with glyphosate + 2,4-D in magnetized spray solution

Water magnetization and geoprocessing are increasingly utilized tools in weed management. Our objective was to study the influence of water magnetization on herbicide efficiency and to verify whether there is a relationship between control scores and the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI). In the laboratory experiment, water was subjected to magnetization and evaluated with respect to four characteristics. In the field experiment, plots of Brachiaria grass were subjected to treatments in a factorial scheme (6 × 2 + 1). Six herbicidal factors (doses of glyphosate and glyphosate + 2,4-D) and the magnetization or absence of magnetization of the spray solution were evaluated and compared against the control treatment (without spraying). Weed control assessments were carried out six times. Images were obtained using an embedded multispectral camera to determine the NDVI values. Data related to water characteristics were analyzed using the t test. Weed control and NDVI data were subjected to analysis of variance and are presented in regression graphs. Dispersion analysis of NDVI data was performed according to the control scores. The magnetization process decreased the pH of the water and increased the surface tension, but it did not influence the control scores or the NDVI. As the glyphosate dose was increased, the control scores were higher and the NDVI values were lower. Magnetized water did not affect the biological efficiency of the herbicides, and there was a strong correlation between the control scores and the NDVI values.

Fire Behavior of Raw Earth Bricks: Influence of Water Content and Cement Stabilization

This study focus on the effects of both water content and cement stabilization on the fire behavior of earth bricks. To observe the effect of cement stabilization, two materials are formulated: raw earth with only soil and water, and stabilized bricks with soil, water and cement (3.5% by mass of soil). Since the material’s mechanical strength can strongly influence its fire behavior, the raw bricks were compacted at 50 MPa to reach a compressive strength similar to the one of stabilized bricks. Four different water contents were tested; dry state obtained with oven drying and three others achieved through equalization at 50%, 75% and 100% of relative humidities. Bricks are then subjected to an ISO 834-1 standard fire. Results show that water content has caused a thermal instability behavior on the raw earth bricks after equalization at 50% and 75% relative humidities. Thermally stable bricks displayed a noticeable diffusion of cracks on their heated face. Furthermore, cement stabilization helps to prevent from thermal instabilities.

Test and Calculation Model of Thermal Conductivity of Concrete

In order to study the influence of water content and hydration degree on the thermal conductivity of concrete, based on the steady-state plate method, the influence of water content, temperature, hydration degree and other factors on the thermal conductivity of early concrete was studied, and the calculation model of thermal conductivity of early concrete was established according to the test results and influence rules. The results show that there is a linear relationship between the thermal conductivity and water content at 28d, the higher the hydration degree is, the lower the thermal conductivity of concrete is; the difference between the measured value and the calculated model value is small, and the calculation formula can meet the requirements of engineering calculation.

A Numerical Approach of the Influence of Water Temperature in the Extinction of Fire Developed in Closed Spaces

The aim of this work is to make a visual investigation of the fire behavior during the extinguish process with water mist at different temperatures, different diameters of the nozzle and different angles of diffusion jet, too. It was used a numerical simulation approach to analyze 24 scenarios regarding the influence of mist water in fire extinguish process. The main test was focused on a given enclosure with dimensions of 1.0 × 1.0 × 3.0 m and the fire source placed inside, in the middle. The enclosure is considered opened on the upper part. From the numerical simulation values, we concluded the best scenario in fire extinguish process using water mist.

The influence of water source protection zone delimitation on development in Huanren Manchu Autonomous County

Under the background of rapid urbanization and industrialization development, in order to satisfy the increasing demand of residents for domestic water, the establishment of water source protection zone is the most effective way to protect water resources at present. However, the influence on the social and economic development could not be ignored. The article analyzes the influence of the delimitation of water source protection zone on economy such as ecological migration, urban municipal pipe network construction, rural drinking water and urban water supply. The impact on economy like industrial enterprises, agricultural planting, livestock industry, aquaculture, tourist industry were also mentioned. The article triggers the exploration of the way to realize the coordination and sustainable development of economy, society, resources and environment