scholarly journals Body Fluid-Independent Effects of Dietary Salt Consumption in Chronic Kidney Disease

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 2779 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jetta J. Oppelaar ◽  
Liffert Vogt
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Kidney Disease ◽  
Kidney Disease ◽  
Body Fluid ◽  
Cardiovascular Health ◽  
Salt Intake ◽  
High Salt ◽  
Dietary Salt ◽  
Dietary Salt Intake ◽  
Salt Consumption ◽  
Independent Effects

The average dietary salt (i.e., sodium chloride) intake in Western society is about 10 g per day. This greatly exceeds the lifestyle recommendations by the WHO to limit dietary salt intake to 5 g. There is robust evidence that excess salt intake is associated with deleterious effects including hypertension, kidney damage and adverse cardiovascular health. In patients with chronic kidney disease, moderate reduction of dietary salt intake has important renoprotective effects and positively influences the efficacy of common pharmacological treatment regimens. During the past several years, it has become clear that besides influencing body fluid volume high salt also induces tissue remodelling and activates immune cell homeostasis. The exact pathophysiological pathway in which these salt-induced fluid-independent effects contribute to CKD is not fully elucidated, nonetheless it is clear that inflammation and the development of fibrosis play a major role in the pathogenic mechanisms of renal diseases. This review focuses on body fluid-independent effects of salt contributing to CKD pathogenesis and cardiovascular health. Additionally, the question whether better understanding of these pathophysiological pathways, related to high salt consumption, might identify new potential treatment options will be discussed.

scholarly journals Altered dietary salt intake for people with chronic kidney disease

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Emma J McMahon ◽  
Katrina L Campbell ◽  
Judith D Bauer ◽  
David W Mudge ◽  
Jaimon T Kelly
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Kidney Disease ◽  
Kidney Disease ◽  
Salt Intake ◽  
Dietary Salt ◽  
Dietary Salt Intake

scholarly journals An In-Depth Review of the Evidence Linking Dietary Salt Intake and Progression of Chronic Kidney Disease

2006 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 268-275 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charlotte Jones-Burton ◽  
Shiraz I. Mishra ◽  
Jeffrey C. Fink ◽  
Jeanine Brown ◽  
Weyinshet Gossa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Kidney Disease ◽  
Kidney Disease ◽  
Salt Intake ◽  
Dietary Salt ◽  
Dietary Salt Intake

scholarly journals Altered dietary salt intake for chronic kidney disease

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emma J McMahon ◽  
Katrina L Campbell ◽  
Judith D Bauer ◽  
David W Mudge
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Kidney Disease ◽  
Kidney Disease ◽  
Salt Intake ◽  
Dietary Salt ◽  
Dietary Salt Intake

P1857SALT CONSUMPTION, LIFESTYLE AND PROTEINURIA IN A HETEROGENEOUS YOUNG POPULATION

2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (Supplement_3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudia Zullo ◽  
Lorenzo Dallari ◽  
Alfredo Bagalà ◽  
Chiara Somma ◽  
Giuseppe Ferro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Chronic Kidney Disease ◽  
Kidney Disease ◽  
Dietary Habits ◽  
Salt Intake ◽  
World Health ◽  
Dietary Salt ◽  
Dietary Salt Intake ◽  
Italian Regions

Abstract Background and Aims Obesity, hypertension, smoke, high dietary salt intake and physical inactivity are the main modifiable risk factors for chronic kidney disease, that affects about 9-10% of Italian people. About daily salt intake, the World Health Organization recommends a maximum consumption of 5 grams of salt per day. In Italy, most people consume too much salt – on average 8-10 grams per day or around twice the recommended maximum level of intake. Aim of this study was to investigate dietary habits and lifestyle of the heterogeneous students population of “Scuola Carabinieri di Firenze” (attended by people coming from all Italian regions) and their relations with urinary abnormalities. Method from November 2018 to March 2019 we collected anamnestic and anthropometric data, blood pressure measurements and body cellular mass (BCM) of 257 young subjects (152 males, 105 females; mean age 32 + 11 yy). We determinated sodium, chlorine and protein excretion on a spot urine sample in addition to plasma creatinine levels. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS. Results We analyzed preliminary data of urinary sodium excretion (UNa), proteinuria (Up) and hematuria (Urbc) of all the subjects. Fifty-five percent of them had a UNa higher than 100 mmol/L (approximately equivalent to a dietary salt intake of 6 grams/day). In these subjects with higher salt consumption, Up and Urbc, measured by urine dipstick, were detectable in 32% and 21% respectively. In subjects with lower salt intake (less than 6 grams/day), Up and Urbc were 0% and 5% respectively. To determine if there was an association between our variables, we used Pearson correlation coefficient. We found that UNa was directly related to Up (r 0.26, p 0.002), age (r 0.22 p 0.011) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP, r 0.22, p 0.012). We also found that poor exercise (r -0.15, p 0.7) and low lean body mass percentage (r -0.15, p 0.7) were inversely related to UNa. Conclusion high dietary salt intake is associated with elevated blood pressure and proteinuria in a young and “healthy” population. Hypertension and proteinuria are both known risk factors for the development of chronic kidney disease. Wrong dietary habits and lifestyles must be detected and corrected in order to prevent nephropathy onset.

scholarly journals Non-uniform relationship between salt status and aldosterone activity in patients with chronic kidney disease

2018 ◽  
Vol 132 (2) ◽  
pp. 285-294 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alison H.M. Taylor ◽  
Alastair J. Rankin ◽  
Emily P. McQuarrie ◽  
E. Marie Freel ◽  
Natalie Z.M. Homer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Kidney Disease ◽  
Angiotensin Ii ◽  
Kidney Disease ◽  
Salt Intake ◽  
High Salt ◽  
Dietary Salt ◽  
Plasma Aldosterone Concentration ◽  
Salt Loading ◽  
Salt Diet ◽  
Intravenous Saline

Background: Hypertension is prevalent in chronic kidney disease (CKD). Studies suggest that reduction in dietary salt intake reduces blood pressure (BP). We studied relationships between salt intake, BP and renin–angiotensin system regulation in order to establish if it is disordered in CKD. Methods: Mechanistic crossover study of CKD patients versus non-CKD controls. Participants underwent modified saline suppression test prior to randomization to either low or high salt diet for 5 days and then crossed over to the alternate diet. Angiotensin-II stimulation testing was performed in both salt states. BP, urea and electrolytes, and plasma aldosterone concentration (PAC) were measured. Results: Twenty-seven subjects were recruited (12 CKD, 15 control). There was no difference in age and baseline BP between the groups. Following administration of intravenous saline, systolic BP increased in CKD but not controls (131 ± 16 to 139 ± 14 mmHg, P=0.016 vs 125 ± 20 to 128 ± 22 mmHg, P=0.38). Median PAC reduced from 184 (124,340) to 95 (80,167) pmol in controls (P=0.003), but failed to suppress in CKD (230 (137,334) to 222 (147,326) pmol (P=0.17)). Following dietary salt modification, there was no change in BP in either group. Median PAC was lower following high salt compared with low salt diet in CKD and controls. There was a comparable increase in systolic BP in response to angiotensin-II in both groups. Discussion: We demonstrate dysregulation of aldosterone in CKD in response to salt loading with intravenous saline, but not to dietary salt modification.

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