scholarly journals Integration of Water Supply, Conduit Hydropower Generation and Electricity Demand

Proceedings ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (11) ◽  
pp. 689 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco van Dijk ◽  
Giovanna Cavazzini ◽  
Gideon Bonthuys ◽  
Alberto Santolin ◽  
Jacques van Delft
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Electricity Demand ◽  
Hydropower Plant ◽  
Hydropower Generation ◽  
Water Utility ◽  
Supply And Distribution ◽  
Constant Output ◽  
The One ◽  
Optimum Solution

South Africa is acknowledged to be not particularly endowed with the best hydropower conditions as it might be elsewhere in Africa and the rest of the world, however, large quantities of raw and potable water are conveyed daily under either pressurized or gravity conditions over large distances and elevations. There exists conduit hydropower generation potential in the water supply and distribution systems belonging to municipalities, water supply utilities and mines. Bloemwater, a water utility, constructed a stand-alone turbine, based on the available pressure and flow which generates a constant output ranging between 55 and 96 kW and when sufficient, supplies the head-office. Initially a manual changeover was utilized to switch between the hydropower and the local electricity supplier when the hydropower was insufficient to meet the demand i.e. switching of the full load from the one source to the other. To maximize the utilization of the hydropower, an automatic change over panel was developed to deal with the variable electricity demand from the office. The office building’s electrical distribution was divided into different distribution boards to allow each sector to be supplied and switched individually with 6, PLC controlled, motorized change-over switches. The PLC constantly evaluates and subsequently executes switching actions so that Bloemwater can utilize the maximum renewable hydropower, but also limits power interruptions to a minimum because of these switching actions. This technical paper describes the development of this conduit hydropower plant by evaluating the interrelationship of water supply, electricity demand and operating cycles, providing Bloemwater with the optimum solution with increased resiliency and sustainability.

scholarly journals Waterborne outbreaks in the Nordic countries, 1998 to 2012

2015 ◽  
Vol 20 (24) ◽  
Author(s):  
B Guzman-Herrador ◽  
A Carlander ◽  
S Ethelberg ◽  
B Freiesleben de Blasio ◽  
M Kuusi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Nordic Countries ◽  
Surveillance Systems ◽  
Water Supplies ◽  
Treatment Regimens ◽  
Supply And Distribution ◽  
Household Water

A total of 175 waterborne outbreaks affecting 85,995 individuals were notified to the national outbreak surveillance systems in Denmark, Finland and Norway from 1998 to 2012, and in Sweden from 1998 to 2011. Between 4 and 18 outbreaks were reported each year during this period. Outbreaks occurred throughout the countries in all seasons, but were most common (n = 75/169, 44%) between June and August. Viruses belonging to the Caliciviridae family and Campylobacter were the pathogens most frequently involved, comprising n = 51 (41%) and n = 36 (29%) of all 123 outbreaks with known aetiology respectively. Although only a few outbreaks were caused by parasites (Giardia and/or Cryptosporidium), they accounted for the largest outbreaks reported during the study period, affecting up to 53,000 persons. Most outbreaks, 124 (76%) of those with a known water source (n = 163) were linked to groundwater. A large proportion of the outbreaks (n = 130/170, 76%) affected a small number of people (less than 100 per outbreak) and were linked to single-household water supplies. However, in 11 (6%) of the outbreaks, more than 1,000 people became ill. Although outbreaks of this size are rare, they highlight the need for increased awareness, particularly of parasites, correct water treatment regimens, and vigilant management and maintenance of the water supply and distribution systems.

scholarly journals Hydraulic Engineering at 100 BC-AD 300 Nabataean Petra (Jordan)

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 3498
Author(s):  
Charles R. Ortloff
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Maximum Flow ◽  
Hydraulic Engineering ◽  
World Heritage Site ◽  
Maximum Flow Rate ◽  
Pipeline System ◽  
Supply And Distribution ◽  
Pipeline Systems

The principal water supply and distribution systems of the World Heritage site of Petra in Jordan were analyzed to bring forward water engineering details not previously known in the archaeological literature. The three main water supply pipeline systems sourced by springs and reservoirs (the Siq, Ain Braq, and Wadi Mataha pipeline systems) were analyzed for their different pipeline design philosophies that reflect different geophysical landscape challenges to provide water supplies to different parts of urban Petra. The Siq pipeline system’s unique technical design reflects use of partial flow in consecutives sections of the main pipeline to support partial critical flow in each section that reduce pipeline leakage and produce the maximum flow rate the Siq pipeline can transport. An Ain Braq pipeline branch demonstrated a new hydraulic engineering discovery not previously reported in the literature in the form of an offshoot pipeline segment leading to a water collection basin adjacent to and connected to the main water supply line. This design eliminates upstream water surges arising from downstream flow instabilities in the two steep pipelines leading to a residential sector of Petra. The Wadi Mataha pipeline system is constructed at the critical angle to support the maximum flow rate from a reservoir. The analyses presented for these water supply and distribution systems brought forward aspects of the Petra urban water supply system not previously known, revising our understanding of Nabataean water engineers’ engineering knowledge.

More River Blues

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cheryl Colopy
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Water Pressure ◽  
Hydropower Plant ◽  
Good Opportunity ◽  
Access Road ◽  
Red Tape ◽  
Cutting Out ◽  
The One ◽  
Regulatory Commission

It was not entirely clear to me why Ngawang Lama and his group wanted the intake point—the head of the Melamchi tunnel—moved to the spot that was proposed back in the early 1990s, when the World Bank was funding the revamping of Kathmandu’s water supply. But I learned that Norwegian engineers, who were then consultants on the project, had originally placed that intake upstream to provide for a hydropower plant. They saw the Melamchi project as a good opportunity to get more for the same investment of money. The Norwegians had proposed to place the intake several miles above the spot that Cholendra and I almost reached as we walked up the damaged access road. Using that intake point, called Nukute, would have allowed for a twenty-five-megawatt hydropower plant in Sundarijal, where the tunnel ended. The higher intake could give an additional three hundred meters of “head”—water pressure to generate electricity. When the Asian Development Bank took over the project, they scuttled the hydropower component. After this, the Norwegians pulled out. The proposed twenty-five megawatts of electricity would have been welcome in a country that is likely to see power outages for at least another decade. Now, with the planned intake point lower on the river, hydropower is not possible because there would be insufficient water pressure. The ADB’s reasons for dropping the hydro component are a little vague. Ratna Sansar Shrestha dismisses the economic and environmental costs the organization cites as its rationale for dropping hydropower. Ratna is a water resources specialist who is well known for wanting the Melamchi project to include hydropower. He is one of three members of the Regulatory Commission for Water Supply that oversees tariffs and quality of service throughout Nepal. To be charitable to the ADB, he says, “working with Nepal’s bureaucracy is not easy.” Hydropower projects require negotiating with an entirely different ministry from the one that oversees water supply. Cutting out the hydropower component also cut out half the administrative red tape on a project that has been drowning in it for years.

scholarly journals Application of a water balance adapted to intermittent water supply and flat-rate tariffs without customer metering in Tiruvannamalai, India

2017 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 347-356 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miran Mastaller ◽  
Philipp Klingel
Keyword(s):  
Water Balance ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Water Losses ◽  
Water Utility ◽  
Flat Rate ◽  
Intermittent Water Supply ◽  
Water Association ◽  
The City

Abstract Establishing the water balance developed by the International Water Association (IWA) is a worldwide applied approach to determine and analyse water losses in water distribution systems (WDS). The water balance covers those parts of a WDS within the responsibility of the water utility. Water losses occurring ‘before’ a customer meter are at the expense of the utility, while water lost or wasted ‘after’ the meter is paid for by the customer. This applies to systems where customer metering is in place and/or consumption is charged according to the consumed volumes. However, many WDS in the world lack customer meters, are operated intermittently and apply flat-rate tariffs. In intermittent supplies, a considerable amount of water is lost or wasted within the private properties. The flat-rate tariff might not cover this amount or part of the amount. Thus, actual consumption and wastage should be separately quantified with respect to the utility's water reduction measures. Accepting the described conditions, the authors have developed an adaption of the IWA water balance and the methods to establish the balance. In this paper the application of the developed approach in an initially unmetered WDS with intermittent water supply in the city of Tiruvannamalai, India, is presented.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document