scholarly journals Closed-Loop Supply Chain Network Equilibrium Model with Subsidy on Green Supply Chain Technology Investment

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (16) ◽  
pp. 4403 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haixiang Wu ◽  
Bing Xu ◽  
Ding Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Variational Inequality ◽  
Closed Loop ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Investment Decision ◽  
Green Supply Chain ◽  
Supply Chain Network ◽  
Closed Loop Supply Chain ◽  
Government Subsidies ◽  
Technology Investment

The green supply chain (GSC) can effectively reduce the waste of resources and avoid environmental pollution. For a closed-loop supply chain network consisting of multiple manufacturers, multiple retailers, and multiple consumer and recycling markets, we assume that retailers are responsible for the recycling of used products, manufacturers use raw materials to produce new products and recycled products for remanufacturing, and government departments subsidize all manufacturers and retailers for GSC technology investment. Then, the equilibrium conditions of manufacturers, retailers, demand markets, and recycling markets are obtained by using the variational inequality method, complementarity theorem, and Nash equilibrium theory, and the variational inequality model of the closed-loop supply chain network multiphase equilibrium is established. Based on numerical simulation, the optimal technology investment decision of green supply chain under different government subsidy rates, and the influence of market structure and enterprise cost asymmetry on the equilibrium solution of supply chain network are analyzed. The results show that government subsidies can effectively promote enterprises to upgrade their level of GSC technology investment. The intensification of enterprise competition and the asymmetry of enterprise costs will affect the composition of enterprise profits and the allocation of profits between enterprises, and the former will weaken the effect of government subsidies.

scholarly journals Competition and Integration in Closed-Loop Supply Chain Network with Variational Inequality

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gengui Zhou ◽  
Yuxiang Yang ◽  
Jian Cao
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Variational Inequality ◽  
End Of Life ◽  
Closed Loop ◽  
New Products ◽  
Horizontal Merger ◽  
Supply Chain Network ◽  
Closed Loop Supply Chain ◽  
Production Quantity ◽  
And Storage

A closed-loop supply chain network involves the manufactured and remanufactured homogeneous products. It comprises operation links to represent business activities including manufacturing/remanufacturing activities, treatment activities for EOL products, transportation activities, and storage activities, which are performed by the firms. Among all closed-loop supply chain problems, the horizontal merger of oligopolistic firms is so important and attracting to both businessman and researchers. In this paper, the interaction of the competitive firms prior to horizontal merger is analyzed. Three networks including prior to horizontal merger, postpartial merger, and complete merger are studied. Simultaneously, three economical models for these networks on different conditions of mergers are established and discussed. The variational inequality formulations are used for these three models, whose solutions give out the production quantity of new products, and remanufactured products, the product flows for new products, remanufactured products and end-of-life products at every path, the demand quantity, the recovery quantity of end-of-life products and the equilibrium prices. Finally, numerical examples are tested and illustrated for the proposed models.

scholarly journals Closed-Loop Supply Chain Network under Oligopolistic Competition with Multiproducts, Uncertain Demands, and Returns

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yan Zhou ◽  
Chi Kin Chan ◽  
Kar Hung Wong ◽  
Y. C. E. Lee
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Variational Inequality ◽  
Nash Equilibrium ◽  
Closed Loop ◽  
New Product ◽  
Supply Chain Network ◽  
Oligopolistic Competition ◽  
Equilibrium Conditions ◽  
Closed Loop Supply Chain ◽  
Set Up

We develop an equilibrium model of a closed-loop supply chain (CLSC) network with multiproducts, uncertain demands, and returns. This model belongs to the context of oligopolistic firms that compete noncooperatively in a Cournot-Nash framework under a stochastic environment. To satisfy the demands, we use two different channels: manufacturing new products and remanufacturing returned products through recycling used components. Since both the demands and product returns are uncertain, we consider two types of risks: overstocking and understocking of multiproducts in the forward supply chain. Then we set up the Cournot-Nash equilibrium conditions of the CLSC network whereby we maximize every oligopolistic firm's expected profit by deciding the production quantities of each new product as well as the path flows of each product on the forward supply chain. Furthermore, we formulate the Cournot-Nash equilibrium conditions of the CLSC network as a variational inequality and prove the existence and the monotonicity of the variational inequality. Finally, numerical examples are presented to illustrate the efficiency of our model.

Robust Hazardous Materials Closed-Loop Supply Chain Network Design with Emergency Response Teams Location

2021 ◽  
pp. 036119812199207
Author(s):  
Nasrin Mohabbati-Kalejahi ◽  
Alexander Vinel
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Network Design ◽  
Emergency Response ◽  
Closed Loop ◽  
Hazardous Materials ◽  
Risk Exposure ◽  
Supply Chain Network Design ◽  
Supply Chain Network ◽  
Distribution Centers ◽  
Closed Loop Supply Chain

Hazardous materials (hazmat) storage and transportation pose threats to people’s safety and the environment, which creates a need for governments and local authorities to regulate such shipments. This paper proposes a novel mathematical model for what is termed the hazmat closed-loop supply chain network design problem. The model, which can be viewed as a way to combine several directions previously considered in the literature, includes two echelons in the forward direction (production and distribution centers), three echelons in the backward direction (collection, recovery, and disposal centers), and emergency response team positioning. The two objectives of minimizing the strategic, tactical, and operational costs as well as the risk exposure on road networks are considered in this model. Since the forward flow of hazmat is directly related to the reverse flow, and since hazmat accidents can occur at all stages of the lifecycle (storage, shipment, loading, and unloading, etc.), it is argued that such a unified framework is essential. A robust framework is also presented to hedge the optimization model in case of demand and return uncertainty. The performance of both models is evaluated based on a standard dataset from Albany, NY. Considering the trade-offs between cost and risk, the results demonstrate the design of efficient hazmat closed-loop supply chain networks where the risk exposure can be reduced significantly by employing the proposed models.

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