scholarly journals Immune Responses in the Eye-Associated Lymphoid Tissues of Chickens after Ocular Inoculation with Vaccine and Virulent Strains of the Respiratory Infectious Laryngotracheitis Virus (ILTV)

Viruses ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 635
Author(s):  
Gabriela Beltrán ◽  
David J. Hurley ◽  
Robert M. Gogal ◽  
Shayan Sharif ◽  
Leah R. Read ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Virulent Strain ◽  
Harderian Gland ◽  
Lymphoid Tissues ◽  
Specific Cell ◽  
Infectious Laryngotracheitis Virus ◽  
Viral Genomes ◽  
Virulent Strains ◽  
Infectious Laryngotracheitis ◽  
Laryngotracheitis Virus

Infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT) is an acute respiratory disease of poultry caused by infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV). Control of the disease with live attenuated vaccines administered via eye drop build upon immune responses generated by the eye-associated lymphoid tissues. The aim of this study was to assess cytokine and lymphocyte changes in the conjunctiva-associated lymphoid tissues (CALT) and Harderian gland (HG) stimulated by the ocular inoculation of the ILTV chicken embryo origin (CEO) vaccine strain and virulent strain 63140. This study offers strong evidence to support the roles that the CALT and HG play in the development of protective ILTV immune responses. It supports the premise that ILTV-mediated immunomodulation favors the B cell response over those of T cells. Further, it provides evidence that expansions of CD8α+ cells, with the concomitant expression of the Granzyme A gene, are key to reducing viral genomes in the CALT and halting ILTV cytolytic replication in the conjunctiva. Ultimately, this study revealed that the early upregulation of interleukin (IL)-12p40 and Interferon (IFN)-γ cytokine genes, which shape the antigen-specific cell-mediated immune responses, retarded the decline of virus replication, and enhanced the development of lesions in the conjunctiva epithelium.

scholarly journals Pathological Diagnosis and Genomic Characterization of ICP4 Gene of lnfectious Laryngotracheitis Virus (ILTV) Isolates in Clinically Infected Chicken in Tamil Nadu, India

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Jyothi Priya ◽  
Ganne Venkata Sudhakar Rao ◽  
N. Pazhanivel ◽  
K. Vijayarani ◽  
T. Lurthu Reetha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tamil Nadu ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Cell Formation ◽  
Harderian Gland ◽  
Cell Protein ◽  
Pathological Findings ◽  
Infectious Laryngotracheitis Virus ◽  
Virulent Strains ◽  
Infectious Laryngotracheitis ◽  
Laryngotracheitis Virus

Background: Infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT) is an economically important viral respiratory disease in poultry. Recently, re-emergence of Infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV) has been reported in several countries including India. The current study aimed to evaluate the poultry flocks of Tamil Nadu with circulating GaHV-1 and to elucidate the origin of the virus involved in the outbreak. Methods: In this study, a molecular based survey on the overall occurrence of natural cases of Infectious laryngo-tracheitis in poultry flocks from Tamil Nadu, India were performed. Pathological findings in respiratory and secondary lymphoid organs like caecal tonsils and harderian gland was carried out. The PCR technique targeting Infected Cell Protein-4 (ICP4) gene along with molecular characterization was performed. Result: The overall prevalence rate in the outbreak was 42.86% with highest incidence in layer flocks (62.85%) than the broiler flocks (22.85%). The highest susceptible age groups were between 20-30 weeks old. Tracheal pathology revealed epithelial sloughing, syncytial cell formation, eosinophilic intranuclear inclusion bodies and heterophilic exudation microscopically. Partial genome sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of ICP4 gene revealed high genetic homology between field isolates and the virulent strains from Turkey, Germany, China and Brazil. In the present study, along with pathological findings, a rapid and sensitive PCR assay was used for detection of ILT virus specific ICP4 gene in commercial poultry farms in the region.

scholarly journals Infectious Laryngotracheitis Virus Viral Chemokine-Binding Protein Glycoprotein G Alters Transcription of Key Inflammatory Mediators In Vitro and In Vivo

2017 ◽  
Vol 92 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mauricio J. C. Coppo ◽  
Joanne M. Devlin ◽  
Alistair R. Legione ◽  
Paola K. Vaz ◽  
Sang-Won Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Binding Protein ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Infectious Laryngotracheitis Virus ◽  
Glycoprotein G ◽  
Infectious Laryngotracheitis ◽  
Upper Respiratory ◽  
Laryngotracheitis Virus

ABSTRACTInfectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV) is an alphaherpesvirus that infects chickens, causing upper respiratory tract disease and significant losses to poultry industries worldwide. Glycoprotein G (gG) is a broad-range viral chemokine-binding protein conserved among most alphaherpesviruses, including ILTV. A number of studies comparing the immunological parameters between infection with gG-expressing and gG-deficient ILTV strains have demonstrated that expression of gG is associated with increased virulence, modification of the amount and the composition of the inflammatory response, and modulation of the immune responses toward antibody production and away from cell-mediated immune responses. The aims of the current study were to examine the establishment of infection and inflammation by ILTV and determine how gG influences that response to infection.In vitroinfection studies using tracheal organ tissue specimen cultures and blood-derived monocytes andin vivoinfection studies in specific-pathogen-free chickens showed that leukocyte recruitment to the site of infection is an important component of the induced pathology and that this is influenced by the expression of ILTV gG and changes in the transcription of the chicken orthologues of mammalian CXC chemokine ligand 8 (CXCL8), chicken CXCLi1 and chicken CXCLi2, among other cytokines and chemokines. The results from this study demonstrate that ILTV gG interferes with chemokine and cytokine transcription at different steps of the inflammatory cascade, thus altering inflammation, virulence, and the balance of the immune response to infection.IMPORTANCEInfectious laryngotracheitis virus is an alphaherpesvirus that expresses gG, a conserved broad-range viral chemokine-binding protein known to interfere with host immune responses. However, little is known about how gG modifies virulence and influences the inflammatory signaling cascade associated with infection. Here, data fromin vitroandin vivoinfection studies are presented. These data show that gG has a direct impact on the transcription of cytokines and chemokine ligandsin vitro(such as chicken CXCL8 orthologues, among others), which explains the altered balance of the inflammatory response that is associated with gG during ILTV infection of the upper respiratory tract of chickens. This is the first report to associate gG with the dysregulation of cytokine transcription at different stages of the inflammatory cascade triggered by ILTV infection of the natural host.

Immune responses to infectious laryngotracheitis virus

2013 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 454-462 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mauricio J.C. Coppo ◽  
Carol A. Hartley ◽  
Joanne M. Devlin
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Infectious Laryngotracheitis Virus ◽  
Infectious Laryngotracheitis ◽  
Laryngotracheitis Virus

scholarly journals Activation of Cytotoxic Lymphocytes and Presence of Regulatory T Cells in the Trachea of Non-Vaccinated and Vaccinated Chickens as a Recall to an Infectious Laryngotracheitis Virus (ILTV) Challenge

Vaccines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 865
Author(s):  
Daniel Maekawa ◽  
Sylva M. Riblet ◽  
Patrick Whang ◽  
David J. Hurley ◽  
Maricarmen Garcia
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Regulatory T Cells ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Nk Cells ◽  
Moderate Increase ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Infectious Laryngotracheitis Virus ◽  
Vaccine Protection ◽  
Infectious Laryngotracheitis ◽  
Laryngotracheitis Virus

While the protective efficacy of the infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV) vaccines is well established, little is known about which components of the immune response are associated with effective resistance and vaccine protection. Early studies have pointed to the importance of the T cell-mediated immune responses. This study aimed to evaluate the activation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) and natural killer (NK) cells and to quantify the presence of regulatory T cells (Tregs) in the larynx–trachea of chickens vaccinated with chicken embryo origin (CEO), tissue culture origin (TCO) and recombinant Herpesvirus of Turkey-laryngotracheitis (rHVT-LT) vaccines after challenge. Our results indicated that CEO vaccine protection was characterized by early CTLs and activated CTLs enhanced responses. TCO and rHVT-LT protection were associated with a moderate increase in resting and activated CTLs followed by an enhanced NK cell response. Tregs increase was only detected in the non-vaccinated challenged group, probably to support healing of the severe trachea epithelial damage. Taken together, our results revealed main differences in the cellular immune responses elicited by CEO, TCO, and rHVT-LT vaccination in the upper respiratory tract after challenge, and that activated CTLs rather than NK cells play a main role in vaccine protection.

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