Regulation of respiration during electrical stimulation of the lumbar spinal cord in humans

Monoamines are strong modulators and/or activators of spinal locomotor networks. Thus monoaminergic fibers likely contact neurons involved in generating locomotion. The aim of the present study was to investigate the serotonergic innervation of locomotor-activated neurons within the thoraco-lumbar spinal cord following induction of hindlimb locomotion. This was determined by immunohistochemical co-localization of serotonin (5-HT) fibers or 5-HT7/5-HT2A/5-HT1A receptors with cells expressing the activity-dependent marker c-fos. Experiments were performed on paralyzed, decerebrate cats in which locomotion was induced by electrical stimulation of the mesencephalic locomotor region. Abundant c-fos immunoreactive cells were observed in laminae VII and VIII throughout the thoraco-lumbar segments of locomotor animals. Control sections from the same segments showed significantly fewer labeled neurons, mostly within the dorsal horn. Multiple serotonergic boutons were found in close apposition to the majority (80–100%) of locomotor cells, which were most abundant in lumbar segments L3–7. 5-HT7 receptor immunoreactivity was observed on cells across the thoraco-lumbar segments (T7–L7), in a dorsoventral gradient. Most locomotor-activated cells co-localized with 5-HT7, 5-HT2A, and 5-HT1A receptors, with largest numbers in laminae VII and VIII. Co-localization of c-fos and 5-HT7 receptor was highest in the L5–L7 segments (>90%) and decreased rostrally (to ∼50%) due to the absence of receptors on cells within the intermediolateral nucleus. In contrast, 60–80 and 35–80% of c-fos immunoreactive cells stained positive for 5-HT2A and 5-HT1A receptors, respectively, with no rostrocaudal gradient. These results indicate that serotonergic modulation of locomotion likely involves 5-HT7/5-HT2A/5-HT1A receptors located on the soma and proximal dendrites of serotonergic-innervated locomotor-activated neurons within laminae VII and VIII of thoraco-lumbar segments.

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Tail Nerve Electrical Stimulation and Electro-Acupuncture Can Protect Spinal Motor Neurons and Alleviate Muscle Atrophy after Spinal Cord Transection in Rats

Neural Plasticity ◽

10.1155/2017/7351238 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 2017 ◽

pp. 1-11 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Yu-Ting Zhang ◽

Hui Jin ◽

Jun-Hua Wang ◽

Lan-Yu Wen ◽

Yang Yang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Spinal Cord ◽

Electrical Stimulation ◽

Muscle Atrophy ◽

Motor Neurons ◽

Lumbar Spinal Cord ◽

Hindlimb Muscle ◽

Neurotrophin 3 ◽

Spinal Cord Segment ◽

Cord Injury ◽

Lumbar Spinal

Spinal cord injury (SCI) often results in death of spinal neurons and atrophy of muscles which they govern. Thus, following SCI, reorganizing the lumbar spinal sensorimotor pathways is crucial to alleviate muscle atrophy. Tail nerve electrical stimulation (TANES) has been shown to activate the central pattern generator (CPG) and improve the locomotion recovery of spinal contused rats. Electroacupuncture (EA) is a traditional Chinese medical practice which has been proven to have a neural protective effect. Here, we examined the effects of TANES and EA on lumbar motor neurons and hindlimb muscle in spinal transected rats, respectively. From the third day postsurgery, rats in the TANES group were treated 5 times a week and those in the EA group were treated once every other day. Four weeks later, both TANES and EA showed a significant impact in promoting survival of lumbar motor neurons and expression of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) and ameliorating atrophy of hindlimb muscle after SCI. Meanwhile, the expression of neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) in the same spinal cord segment was significantly increased. These findings suggest that TANES and EA can augment the expression of NT-3 in the lumbar spinal cord that appears to protect the motor neurons as well as alleviate muscle atrophy.

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N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Antagonist Inhibits NR-1 Subunit Phosphorylation of the Spinal N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptor Induced by Low Frequency Electroacupuncture

The American Journal of Chinese Medicine ◽

10.1142/s0192415x07005454 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 35 (06) ◽

pp. 987-993 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Byeol-Rim Kang ◽

Chang-Beohm Ahn ◽

Byung-Tae Choi

Keyword(s):

Spinal Cord ◽

Dorsal Horn ◽

Peripheral Nerves ◽

Intrathecal Injection ◽

Low Frequency ◽

Serine Phosphorylation ◽

Lumbar Spinal Cord ◽

Aspartate Receptor ◽

Lumbar Spinal ◽

Stimulation Of

We investigated whether the 2 Hz electroacupuncture (EA) analgesia is associated with phosphorylation of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) NR-1 subunits and NMDAR antagonism in the lumbar spinal cord of rats. EA stimulation produced an increase of serine phosphorylation of NMDAR NR-1 subunits in the spinal cord as compared with normal conditions. However, the intrathecal injection of NMDAR antagonist D-2-amino-5-phosphonopentanoic acid significantly prevented serine phosphorylation of NMDAR NR-1 subunits induced by EA stimulation in the dorsal horn of spinal cord. These results indicate that EA analgesia by stimulation of peripheral nerves may be involved in an increase of NR-1 serine phosphorylation in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord.

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Noxious thermal stimulation of c-fos activity induced in rat lumbar spinal cord is reduced by AP-5 but not by Glycine

Neuroscience Letters ◽

10.1016/s0304-3940(98)00895-7 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 259 (1) ◽

pp. 1-4 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Wen Huang ◽

Richard K. Simpson

Keyword(s):

Spinal Cord ◽

Thermal Stimulation ◽

Lumbar Spinal Cord ◽

Lumbar Spinal ◽

Stimulation Of

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Role of peripheral tissue receptors in stimulation of ventilation by 2,4-dinitrophenol

Journal of Applied Physiology ◽

10.1152/jappl.1979.47.5.1066 ◽

1979 ◽

Vol 47 (5) ◽

pp. 1066-1073 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

S. Levine

Keyword(s):

Spinal Cord ◽

Lumbar Spinal Cord ◽

Afferent Pathways ◽

Lumbar Level ◽

Complete Transection ◽

Group I ◽

Group Ii ◽

Lumbar Spinal ◽

Quantitative Contribution ◽

Stimulation Of

Previous workers have demonstrated that hindlimb receptors can mediate some portion of the increase in VE elicited by 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP). Liang and Hood have recently demonstrated that these hindlimb receptors communicate with the respiratory center via afferent pathways of the lumbar spinal cord. Accordingly, to determine the quantitative contribution of these hindlimb receptors to increases in VE elicited by DNP (4 mg/kg), we compared two groups of animals with respect to ventilatory, metabolic, and thermal responses elicited by this drug. Group I animals underwent complete transection of the spinal cord at the first lumbar level, whereas the spinal cord in Group II animals remained intact. Our results indicate that Group I and Group II animals did not differ with respect to increases in VE, VO2, and rectal temperature elicited by DNP. These results suggest that hindlimb receptors do not play an obligatory role in mediating increases in VE elicited by DNP. Therefore, these observations raise the possibility that multiple afferent pathways may exist for stimulation of VE by DNP.

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Field potential mapping of neurons in the lumbar spinal cord activated following stimulation of the mesencephalic locomotor region

Journal of Neuroscience ◽

10.1523/jneurosci.15-03-02203.1995 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 15 (3) ◽

pp. 2203-2217 ◽

Cited By ~ 54

Author(s):

BR Noga ◽

PA Fortier ◽

DJ Kriellaars ◽

X Dai ◽

GR Detillieux ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Spinal Cord ◽

Field Potential ◽

Lumbar Spinal Cord ◽

Mesencephalic Locomotor Region ◽

Potential Mapping ◽

Lumbar Spinal ◽

Stimulation Of

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Electrical stimulation in the medullary nucleus raphe magnus inhibits noxious heat-evokedfos protein-like immunoreactivity in the rat lumbar spinal cord

Brain Research ◽

10.1016/0006-8993(90)91306-2 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 530 (2) ◽

pp. 335-338 ◽

Cited By ~ 52

Author(s):

S.L. Jones ◽

A.R. Light

Keyword(s):

Spinal Cord ◽

Electrical Stimulation ◽

Lumbar Spinal Cord ◽

Noxious Heat ◽

Nucleus Raphe Magnus ◽

Raphe Magnus ◽

Lumbar Spinal

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Evidence for a central component in the sensitization of spinal neurons with joint input during development of acute arthritis in cat's knee

Journal of Neurophysiology ◽

10.1152/jn.1990.64.1.299 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 64 (1) ◽

pp. 299-311 ◽

Cited By ~ 166

Author(s):

V. Neugebauer ◽

H. G. Schaible

Keyword(s):

Spinal Cord ◽

Knee Joint ◽

Mechanical Stimulation ◽

Receptive Fields ◽

Lumbar Spinal Cord ◽

Mechanical Stimuli ◽

Spinal Neurons ◽

Deep Tissue ◽

Lumbar Spinal ◽

Stimulation Of

1. In the spinalized cat, nociceptive spinal neurons with knee input show enhanced responses to mechanical stimulation of that joint once an inflammation has developed in the knee. Enhanced responses may result from increased afferent inflow as well as from modifications of the nociceptive processing within the spinal cord. To examine the significance of these components, we tested in 30 chloralose-anesthetized, spinalized cats whether, during development of arthritis, changes of responsiveness in spinal neurons are restricted to stimulation of the inflamed joint or whether responsiveness in these neurons is altered in general. While continuously recording from a neuron, we injected kaolin and carrageenan into one knee and tested the responses to mechanical stimuli applied to the joint and to regions adjacent to and remote from the knee during the developing arthritis. In addition, in six cats we monitored the neurons' responses to electrical stimulation of the sural nerves and the rostral lumbar spinal cord. 2. Of 32 neurons in laminae VI, VII, and VIII of the lumbar spinal cord, 15 ascending and eight nonascending cells were driven by mechanical stimulation of one or both knee joint(s). Nine of these were nociceptive specific (NS), responding exclusively or predominantly to noxious compression of the knee and other deep tissue, and 12 were wide-dynamic-range (WDR) cells with graded responses to gentle and noxious stimuli applied to the knee joint(s), deep tissue, and skin. Two neurons with high ongoing discharges had some excitatory joint input but showed marked inhibition by most stimuli used (INH neurons). The majority of the neurons had receptive fields on both legs. Nine of the 32 neurons had no input from the knee(s). 3. All 23 neurons with joint input became sensitive or more responsive to movements and gentle compression of the inflamed knee once the inflammation had developed. In general, these neurons also showed enhanced responses to compression of the adjacent muscles in thigh and lower leg. In 20 neurons, response properties were even altered for stimuli applied to regions remote from the inflamed joint, including the contralateral leg in 18 cases. We found expansion of initially restricted receptive fields (mainly in NS cells), enhancement of preexisting responses, and/or lowering of threshold to mechanical stimuli applied to these regions; few neurons developed inhibitory reactions.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

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