The 100-year operation of the Mount Lyell Mining and Railway Company
Limited’s copper mine in Queenstown, Australia, has resulted in the
deposition of over 100 million cubic metres of mine tailings, smelter slag and
topsoil into the King River and Macquarie Harbour. Apreliminary risk
assessment, together with chemical measurements of dissolved copper,
ASV-labile copper, copper complexing capacity and resin-adsorbed copper,
suggested that copper in mid-salinity harbour waters was potentially
bioavailable. However, toxicity tests based on inhibition of microalgal
(Nitzschia closterium) growth showed that copper in
these waters was not toxic, even though labile copper concentrations
(6–24 µg L−1) exceeded the
concentration of lowest observable effect for algae of 5 mg
L−1. Measurements of intracellular and
membrane-bound copper confirmed that cell division was not affected because
copper was not taken up intracellularly. Amelioration of copper toxicity was
due to binding of dissolved organic matter and/or other metals at the cell
membrane, preventing copper binding and uptake. An understanding of the
mechanism of copper toxicity and its amelioration is vital to assessing
various clean-up options for the harbour.