The impact of international scientists, engineers, and students on U.S. research outputs and global competitiveness

International scientists, engineers, and students have made and continue to make significant contributions to the U.S.’s science and engineering research enterprise. This source of talent is a comparative advantage for the U.S. and is critical for keeping the nation at the leading edge of discovery and knowledge. This paper quantifies and reaffirms the impact of international scientists and scholars, who serve as a vital source of talent fueling American ingenuity, innovation, and leadership. Bolstering measures to attract and retain top students from across the globe and fostering a culture where immigrants are welcome and can thrive is imperative for the continued success of the U.S.’s society and economy.