Informal Communication in a Formal Context

In recent years, there has been a growing interest in integrating mobile technologies into the formal system in the field of formal education and, in particular, higher education. Furthermore, due to the circumstances caused by the pandemic panorama that extended to most countries in the world in 2020, various sectors, in which education is included, were forced to reinvent and transform themselves in order to adapt to emergency remote education. What the authors propose with this chapter is to make an analysis of the state of the art on the theme of informal communication in the educational context, and particularly in higher education, with the use of the available technology, namely mobile media. Through a literature review already initiated in previous studies, it is intended to know the national and international panorama about the use of mobile applications in the context of higher education and in what way the devices traditionally conceived for informal communication are being used and adapted to a formal context.

„Vor allem – da erste Gedanke is ja oft auch gar nicht so gmeint“ Operatoren zur Charakterisierung des kommunikativen und mentalen Status von Äußerungen im sozialen Raum

This paper investigates discursive structures of spoken language in formal and informal communication settings (almost 62 hours of recorded time) of urban speakers in Austria’s two biggest cities Vienna and Graz and their surroundings. We focus on so-called bipartite “Operator-Skopus-Strukturen” (‘operator-scope-structures’), examining their pragmatic and discourse organising function within specific conversational situations. Our main aim is to offer in-depth analyses of these structures by characterising the mental and communicative status of such utterances. Starting out with a discussion of characteristics of spoken language research, especially by arguing for the replacement of the grammatical concept of sentences with the interactional concept of turn-constructional units, we address the phenomenon of discourse markers and Operator-Skopus-Strukturen in particular. This is followed by the description of our data set and the subsequent analyses and discussion of the selected examples. According to our findings, Operator-Skopus-Strukturen appear in both conversational settings and among all groups of speakers. We demonstrate that all speakers use the structures with the same pragmatic function of giving information to their conversation partner on how to interpret and understand the message behind the utterance. Within this scope, the speaker’s intention can vary depending on the conversation partner, the topic of the conversation or the situation.

Chat Tracking and Monitoring System

With the expanding utilization of instant chat messengers to share data, Suspicious exercises have additionally expanded. There are numerous sources to share the data however moment talk couriers and informal communication sites are fast, simply intended to share anything. In some cases, even new stories are at first separated via online media locales and further on talk couriers rather than any news channel and paper and so forth. Because of these innovation progressions, a few individuals are using these applications inappropriately to share suspicious messages and make arrangements to accomplish something unlawful. With the headway of web innovation and the change in the method of correspondence, it is discovered that much direct news has been examined in Internet discussions well before they are accounted for in conventional broad communications. Additionally, this correspondence channel gives a viable channel to criminal operations, for example, communicating of copyrighted films, compromising messages and internet betting and so on. Our Proposed Framework will examine online plain text messages from chosen conversation gatherings and our framework will choose which post is legitimate and unlawful. It will detect the suspicious keyword from the chatting and give a warning message to the user and also a mail will be sent to admin which will include all the details of the user. Keywords: Suspicious Chat, Chat Monitoring, Abusive word, Terrorist activities, Chat Tracking.

INFORMAL POLITICAL COMMUNICATION OF WOMEN IN LOCAL DEMOCRACY (STUDY AT BPD BALIUK VILLAGE, BARITO KUALA)

This study aims to determine how the informal communication strategy is used by women to achieve their political position in government villages. The essence of informal communications is not to follow any specific rules and procedures. the studies of informal communications have remained the question cause there is not a clear form of informal communication. This study has been contributed to the women's informal political communication in Baliuk village to fulfill the gap of informal communication studies. There are three strategies that women used to dominate political representatives in Baliuk Village Government. First, the women have dominated the political issue in Village, second, women’s have dominated the informal channel, second women dominated the informal political communication channels, and the third, women have dominated the informal campaign for BPD’s election. The main factors from those strategies are how the women do the interpersonal conversation and how they made gossip in every aspect and access of communication itself for their political interest. The women have a concern about how to use an alternative way of communications to gain power in a political position, then they have to succeed dominated Badan Permusyawaratan Desa or BPD as the representatives' institution for village people.

THE ROLE OF COMMUNICATION IN ENHANCING EMPLOYEES ORGANIZATIONAL COMMITMENT

Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to determine the role of communication in enhancing employees organizational commitment. The general objective of the study involves examining the impact of communication satisfaction, communication climate, relationship with superiors, organization integration, media quality, horizontal and informal communication channels, organizational perspective, relationship with other employees, personal feedback and the flow of informationon employees organizational commitment.Design/methodology/approach –The study utilized quantitative research methodology toinvestigatethe reason why employeescommunicate with their superiors and subordinates, the role of communication, their satisfaction and commitment towards their organization. Data was collected using a survey of structured questionnaire. The data analysis was conducted through descriptive statistical analysis by using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). Demographic data such as gender, age, academic degree, experience years, and the management level were analyzed by using frequency distributions and Percentages with the results presented in charts and tables. Inferential statistics were obtained by carrying out correlation and regressions analyses, to test for the correlations between the variables and their influence on employees organizational commitment.Findings and conclusions of the study - The results of the study revealed that communication satisfaction has a significant positive correlation withorganizational commitment, communication climate was also positively correlated to commitment, organization integration and perspective was highly and positively correlated to employees commitment whilepersonal feedback, horizontal and informal communication channels, and relationship with superiors was minimally positively related to employees organizational commitment. Additionally, the regression analysis indicate thatcommunication dimensions, internal communication and organizational integration are closely associated with employees organizational commitment. Therefore, nine (9) hypotheses were developed and tested accordingly to conclude that communication has a significant and direct impact on employees organizational commitment. Furthermore, the main implication of this study is associated with the fact that, organizations could use the findings of this study to develop communication practices and channels that encourage commitment within the organization which might translate to increased innovation, productivity, opportunity, collaboration, and effective commitment. The study also shows that employees organizational commitment can be improved through job enhancement together with matching the individuals values to those of the organization rather than, finding ways and means of improving job satisfaction through different strategies that involves improving the standard of the supervision, decentralization of power and counseling.

Language and Categorization

This chapter is focussed on linguistic bias in intergroup relations. It is based on the linguistic intergroup bias model, according to which people use different words for describing people and their behaviour on the basis of group membership. In particular, they attribute positive behaviours of ingroup members and negative behaviours of outgroup members to stable enduring characteristics, while attributing negative behaviours of ingroup members and positive behaviours of outgroup members to transitory characteristics dependent on situation or context. This kind of linguistic bias may occur not only in informal communication but also in the mass media, where it can reinforce positive or negative social stereotypes without viewers or readers necessarily being aware how this process is taking place. The chapter concludes that recognizing and limiting the use of such biased language is an important component in producing quality journalism.

Means of informal communication in political cartoons

This article attempts to analyze means of communication such as euphemisms and dysphemisms in a political cartoon. Free expression of personal and public opinion, political humor and political cartoon became an important part of the information sphere. This makes the genre of political cartoon more relevant than ever. The cartoon consists of verbal and visual components, which make the choice of communication tools in the text especially difficult. This determined the problem of our study. We have analyzed political cartoons published in the American media. Using the method of content analysis, we selected 174 euphemisms and dysphemisms, which we divided into lexical-semantic categories. As a result, euphemisms are used frequently in political cartoon than dysphemisms, which, is caused by the genre specificity, thus, the ironical effect is achieved by the contrast between the verbal and visual components.

Wanna Be a Friend on Social Media?

As the volume of consumer-brand interactions is increasing in the social media setting, it becomes essential to understand how to foster relationships to create favorable attitudes towards the brand, stimulate sales, and enable consumers to forward the brand name to others. In this regard, this research focuses on the effect of communication style (formal vs. informal) that should be used for products that have different levels of self-expression (high vs. low) in social media communications. An experiment was conducted with 384 participants. The results indicated that consumers prefer informal communication regardless of the self-expression level of the product in social media. Investigating the interaction effects, the authors demonstrated that highly self-expressive products favorably stimulate word-of-mouth intention in case of formal communication. However, it is the informal communication that stimulates purchase and word-of-mouth intentions and brand attitudes when the product is low self-expressive in nature.