Private autonomy and Anti-discrimination

AbstractOpt-in or opt-out? That is the basic question to be answered. The decision to promote actions of “opt-in” type as opposed to those of the “opt-out” type, for the sake of private autonomy, does not ensure the effective application of european competition law. On the contrary, it may decrease the application’s intensity and effectiveness. Recent reforms among European state members such as in the United Kingdom, Belgium, the Netherlands, Denmark and Norway are powerful indications that the opt-out principle may result in the effective implementation of competition law. There is no doubt that a mixed system (hybrid system), providing the court with the power to decide in favour of either the opt-in or the opt-out system, will result in better implementation of competition law. At the present time there are two pending cases in England (Dorothy Gibson and Mastercard) for which the decision on opt-out or opt-in are highly anticipated. Should the court decide, in one or both of the cases, on an opt-out approach, this will bring a momentous reevaluation of the entire collective redress concept.

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La distribución de los riesgos en las doctrinas laboral y civil ante la imposibilidad de cumplimiento de la prestación

Pecvnia Revista de la Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y Empresariales Universidad de León ◽

10.18002/pec.v0i7.689 ◽

2008 ◽

pp. 73

Author(s):

Javier Fernández-Costales Muñiz

Keyword(s):

Great Part ◽

Bilateral Relation ◽

Private Autonomy ◽

Labour Regulation

El contrato constituye una de las manifestaciones fundamentales del ejercicio de la autonomía privada. A través de él nacen, se modifican o bien extinguen gran parte de las relaciones jurídicas. A lo largo del desarrollo de una relación bilateral de carácter obligatorio pueden surgir hechos capaces de impedir u obstaculizar la ejecución de las prestaciones a las cuales se hubieren comprometido las partes. Ante tales hechos, es menester distinguir dos situaciones diferenciadas: la imposibilidad definitiva y la transitoria.La respuesta otorgada y las diferencias establecidas en este punto por la legislación civil, de un lado, y, de otro, especialmente, la normativa laboral frente a quien debe soportar la carga del riesgo en tales circunstancias centran el desarrollo de este estudio.<br /><br />The contract constitutes one of the fundamental manifestations of the exercise of the private autonomy. Across it they are born, they modify or extinguish great part of the juridical relations. Along the development of a bilateral relation of obligatory character there can arise facts capable of preventing or preventing the execution of the services to which they will have held the parts. Before such facts, it is necessary to distinguish two differentiated situations: the definitive impossibility and the transitory one.The granted response and the differences established in this point by the civil legislation, of a side, and, of other one, specially, the labour regulation opposite to whom it must support the load of the risk in such circumstances centres the development of this study.

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Protection of fundamental rights in the private law of the European Union

Revija Kopaonicke skole prirodnog prava ◽

10.5937/rkspp2002117j ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2 (2) ◽

pp. 117-153

Author(s):

Tatjana Josipović

Keyword(s):

European Union ◽

Member State ◽

Fundamental Rights ◽

Private Law ◽

Eu Law ◽

The European Union ◽

Freedom Of Contract ◽

Optimal Balance ◽

Private Autonomy

The paper considers and comments on the instruments of protection of the fundamental rights of the Union in private law relationships that are in the scope of applicable EU law. Special attention is paid to the influence of fundamental rights of the Union on private autonomy and the freedom of contract in private law relationships depending on whether fundamental rights are protected by national law harmonized with EU law, or by horizontal effects of the Charter of general principles. The goal of the paper is to determine the method in private law relationships that can attain the optimal balance between the protection of fundamental rights of the Union and the principle of private autonomy and the freedom of contract regulated by national law of a member state. The author favors the protection of fundamental rights in private law relationships by applying adequate measures that create indirect horizontal effects of the provisions of EU law on fundamental rights. These concern national measures that can also secure adequate protection of fundamental rights via interpretation and application of national law in line with EU law in private law relationships.

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