Effect of Aflatoxin B1 on Histopathology and Oxidative Stress Biomarkers in Testis of Rats with Special References to Gene Expression of Antioxidant Enzymes

Since the skin is the major protective barrier of the body, it is affected by intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Environmental influences such as ultraviolet (UV) irradiation, pollution or dry/cold air are involved in the generation of radical oxygen species (ROS) and impact skin aging and dermal health. Assessment of human skin gene expression and other biomarkers including epigenetic factors are used to evaluate the biological/molecular activities of key compounds in cosmetic formulas. The objective of this study was to quantify human gene expression when epidermal full-thickness skin equivalents were exposed to: (a) a mixture of betaine, pentylene glycol, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Rhodiola rosea root extract (BlendE) for antioxidant, skin barrier function and oxidative stress (with hydrogen peroxide challenge); and (b) a mixture of Narcissus tazetta bulb extract and Schisandra chinensis fruit extract (BlendIP) for various biomarkers and microRNA analysis. For BlendE, several antioxidants, protective oxidative stress biomarkers and many skin barrier function parameters were significantly increased. When BlendE was evaluated, the negative impact of the hydrogen peroxide was significantly reduced for the matrix metalloproteinases (MMP 3 and MMP 12), the skin aging and oxidative stress biomarkers, namely FBN2, ANXA1 and HGF. When BlendIP was tested for cell proliferation and dermal structural components to enhance the integrity of the skin around the eyes: 8 growth factors, 7 signaling, 7 structural/barrier function and 7 oxidative stress biomarkers were significantly increased. Finally, when BlendIP was tested via real-time RT-PCR for microRNA expression: miR-146a, miR-22, miR155, miR16 and miR21 were all significantly increased over control levels. Therefore, human skin gene expression studies are important tools to assess active ingredient compounds such as plant extract blends to advance dermal hypotheses toward validating cosmetic formulations with botanical molecules.

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Effect of Cigarette Smoking on Selected Antioxidant Enzymes and Oxidative Stress Biomarkers

JOURNAL FOR CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC RESEARCH ◽

10.7860/jcdr/2020/45948.14138 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Basant Joshi ◽

Sangeeta Singh ◽

Preeti Sharma ◽

Tapan Mohapatra ◽

Pradeep Kumar

Keyword(s):

Oxidative Stress ◽

Antioxidant Enzymes ◽

Free Radicals ◽

Cigarette Smoking ◽

Water Soluble ◽

Oxidative Stress Biomarkers ◽

Cigarette Smokers ◽

Stress Biomarkers ◽

Antioxidant Defense Systems ◽

And Oxidative Stress

Introduction: Cigarette Smoking (CS) is the single greatest preventable cause of disease and death and is rich in Reactive Oxygen and Nitrogen Species (ROS and RNS). These can cause the production of other free radicals, which, in turn, initiate lipid peroxidation and cause several diseases. Free radical scavenger enzymes namely Superoxide Dismutase (SOD), Catalase (CAT) and Glutathione Peroxidase (GPx) represent the enzymatic part that have the ability to inhibit oxidative stress by scavenging the highly destructive free radicals. Aim: To study the effect of CS on selected antioxidant enzymes and oxidative stress biomarkers. Materials and Methods: A case control study was conducted from September 2016 to September 2019 in which total of 284 healthy (without any systemic diseases) cigarette smokers (cases) in the age group of 18-60 years compared with age and sex matched 284 nonsmokers (controls) were included in the study. Estimation of serum 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) by Enzyme Linked Immunosorbant Assay (ELISA), Malondialdehyde (MDA) by Thiobarbuturic Acid Reactive Substances (TBARS), SOD by water soluble tetrazolium salt 1, GPx and CAT by colorimetric method. The analysis was carried out using the SPSS 19.0.2 program for windows. Unpaired t-test and one-way ANOVA were used to analyse all the data for statistical significance. Results: The mean Serum MDA and 8-OHdG levels were significantly raised 7.47±1.84, 63.41±22.44 as compared to nonsmokers (3.90±1.03, 40.04±20.14) and serum SOD, Gpx and CAT levels were decreased 62.55±19.97, 44.45±16.60 and 12.92±10.16 in cigarette smokers as compared to nonsmokers 274.04±68.37, 208.56±75.63 and 127.82±18.68, respectively. These differences were also found to be statistically significant in cigarette smokers according to duration and number of cigarette smoked at the level of <0.05. Conclusion: Cigarette Smoking, especially long-term smoking may leads to significant changes in the enzymatic antioxidant defense systems of smokers. Discontinuation of smoking and general awareness needs to be created to minimise the risk of smoking related diseases.

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