Time-Lapse Borehole Seismic Study in Vacuum Field, New Mexico – Velocity and Q Factor Changes Due to Co2 Injection within a Carbonate Reservoir

Author(s):  
G. Michaud
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pankaj Kumar Tiwari ◽  
Zoann Low ◽  
Parimal Arjun Patil ◽  
Debasis Priyadarshan Das ◽  
Prasanna Chidambaram ◽  
...  

Abstract Monitoring of CO2 plume migration in a depleted carbonate reservoir is challenging and demand comprehensive and trailblazing monitoring technologies. 4D time-lapse seismic exhibits the migration of CO2 plume within geological storage but in the area affected by gas chimney due to poor signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), uncertainty in identifying and interpretation of CO2 plume gets exaggerated. High resolution 3D vertical seismic profile (VSP) survey using distributed acoustic sensor (DAS) technology fulfil the objective of obtaining the detailed subsurface image which include CO2 plume migration, reservoir architecture, sub-seismic faults and fracture networks as well as the caprock. Integration of quantitative geophysics and dynamic simulation with illumination modelling dignify the capabilities of 3D DAS-VSP for CO2 plume migration monitoring. The storage site has been studied in detailed and an integrated coupled dynamic simulation were performed and results were integrated with seismic forward modeling to demonstrate the CO2 plume migration with in reservoir and its impact on seismic amplitude. 3D VSP illumination modelling was carried out by integrating reservoir and overburden interpretations, acoustic logs and seismic velocity to illustrate the subsurface coverage area at top of reservoir. Several acquisition survey geometries were simulated based on different source carpet size for effective surface source contribution for subsurface illumination and results were analyzed to design the 3D VSP survey for early CO2 plume migration monitoring. The illumination simulation was integrated with dynamic simulation for fullfield CO2 plume migration monitoring with 3D DAS-VSP by incorporating Pseudo wells illumination analysis. Results of integrated coupled dynamic simulation and 4D seismic feasibility were analyzed for selection of best well location to deploy the multi fiber optic sensor system (M-FOSS) technology. Amplitude response of synthetic AVO (amplitude vs offsets) gathers at the top of carbonate reservoir were analyzed for near, mid and far angle stacks with respect to pre-production as well as pre-injection reservoir conditions. Observed promising results of distinguishable 25-30% of CO2 saturation in depleted reservoir from 4D time-lapse seismic envisage the application of 3D DAS-VSP acquisition. The source patch analysis of 3D VSP illumination modelling results indicate that a source carpet of 6km×6km would be cos-effectively sufficient to produce a maximum of approximately 2km in diameter subsurface illumination at the top of the reservoir. The Pseudo wells illumination analysis results show that current planned injection wells would probably able to monitor early CO2 injection but for the fullfield monitoring additional monitoring wells or a hybrid survey of VSP and surface seismic would be required. The integrated modeling approach ensures that 4D Seismic in subsurface CO2 plume monitoring is robust. Monitoring pressure build-ups from 3D DAS-VSP will reduce the associated risks.


2000 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luca Duranti ◽  
Thomas L. Davis ◽  
Robert D. Benson
Keyword(s):  

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leon Dahlhaus ◽  
Andrew Garnett ◽  
Jason Whitcombe ◽  
Konstantin Galybin ◽  
Muhammad Shafiq

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takuji Mouri ◽  
Aijiro Shigematsu ◽  
Yuki Nakamura ◽  
Ayato Kato ◽  
Masaru Ichikawa ◽  
...  

Abstract This study aims to investigate the feasibility of CO2-EOR monitoring by full waveform inversion (FWI) of time-lapse VSP data in an onshore CO2-EOR site in Abu Dhabi. CO2-EOR monitoring using conventional time-lapse surface seismic in onshore oil fields in Abu Dhabi is often technically challenging for two main reasons. The first is that elastic property change in response to pore fluid substitution is relatively small because the elastic modulus of the reservoir rock frame is far larger than that of the pore fluids. The second is the low repeatability of time-lapse survey data due to high amplitude surface-related noise which varies temporally. However, seismic monitoring with FWI of time-lapse borehole seismic data may offer a solution for these issues. FWI is capable of detecting small velocity changes such as those associated with pore fluid substitution. Furthermore, borehole seismic surveys may provide more highly repeatable, higher quality data compared to surface seismic surveys because borehole seismic data is less affected by surface-related noise. This study consists of two parts, a field data analysis and a synthetic study. In the field data analysis, we studied the resolution and repeatability of FWI results at field-data quality, including the presence of actual noise using time-lapse VSP data. VSP data was acquired at the very early stage of EOR and there was no CO2 injection in the time between the two time-lapse VSP surveys. As a result, a high-resolution P-wave velocity model, consistent with a sonic log, was obtained. The P-wave velocity model also revealed excellent repeatability between the two survey data sets. In the synthetic study, time-lapse FWI was performed using synthetic VSP data representing pre- and post- CO2 injection periods. The results of the synthetic study showed that even in the presence of realistic 4D noise, which was estimated in the field data analysis, FWI successfully delineated the distribution of velocity changes caused by CO2 injection when the cross-sectional area of the injection-induced velocity changes were larger than the resolution of the FWI results. With these results, we demonstrated that FWI using time-lapse VSP data was applicable for CO2-EOR monitoring in the field as long as the criteria were met. This conclusion encourages the application of FWI using time-lapse VSP data for CO2-EOR monitoring in onshore Abu Dhabi.


2012 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 519 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irineu De A. Lima Neto ◽  
Roseane M. Misságia

Rochas carbonáticas geralmente possuem um sistema de poros heterogêneo. A heterogeneidade de poros pode ser expressa por uma combinação degeometrias porosas, correlacionando o efeito de mudanças nos parâmetros elásticos à sensibilidade sísmica 4D. Este trabalho se baseia no modelo de Kuster-Toksözpara caracterizar e classificar porosidades com possibilidades de variação entre os tipos: 1) poros arredondados ou esféricos – ocorrência de porosidade móldica,vugular ou intrapartículas; 2) porosidade interpartículas – de caráter intercristalino; e 3) poros fraturados (“cracks”) ou microporosidades – ocorrência de microfraturasou microfissuras e canais. Com a aplicação da metodologia no reservatório carbonático Glorieta-Paddock, no campo de Vacuum – Novo México foi possível estimar osmódulos de incompressibilidade e de cisalhamento, densidade e velocidades sísmicas da rocha, sob condições drenada e saturada por fases homogêneas de fluidos.Os resultados obtidos indicaram que a formação Paddock Superior tem maior potencial para armazenar fluidos, e maior sensibilidade  sísmica, atribuídos ao aspecto deporos interpartículas sob influência de microfraturas no calcário, que se reflete em um menor valor de rigidez da rocha e potencializa a sensibilidade sísmica à saturaçãopor fluidos. Entretanto, as formações Glorieta e Paddock Inferior, constituídas por dolomitos com forma esférica de poros interpartículas, apresentaram uma reduçãoda sensibilidade sísmica em virtude do incremento de rigidez da rocha. Pelas condições impostas neste estudo, é possível vislumbrar que a metodologia proposta porKuster-Toksöz, quando comparada ao modelo de Gassmann, mostrou-se mais adequada para expressar a ocorrência de anomalias nas velocidades sísmicas. ABSTRACT. In general, carbonate rocks are composed by heterogeneous pore systems. Pore heterogeneity can be expressed by a combination of pore geometries,correlating the changing effect of the elastic parameters to 4-D seismic sensitivity. Based on the Kuster-Toksöz model, this work characterizes and classifies differentdegrees of porosity according to the following types: 1) round or spherical pores – moldic, vuggy or intraframe porosity; 2) interparticle pores - intercrystalline porosity;and 3) microporosity or microcracks – fractures and channel occurrences. The methodology was applied to the Glorieta-Paddock carbonate reservoir at Vacuum field,New Mexico, to estimate bulk and shear moduli, rock density and seismic velocities under dry conditions and saturated by homogeneous fluid. The results indicatedthe greater potential of the Upper Paddock Formation to store fluids and the higher seismic sensitivity, due to the geometry of the interparticle porosity and the presenceof microfractures in limestone, which results in decreased rock rigidity and increased seismic sensitivity to saturation by fluids. However, Lower Paddock and Glorietaformations, consisting of dolomites with spherical interparticle porosity, showed a reduced seismic sensitivity due to increased rock rigidity. Under the conditions of thisstudy, the methodology proposed by Kuster-Toksöz was more adequate to express the occurrences of seismic velocity anomalies compared to Gassmann’s model.Keywords: pore geometry; carbonate reservoir; seismic sensitivity


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