Articulatory Phonetics

2019 ◽  
pp. 263-284
Author(s):  
Nabat Erdogan ◽  
Michael Wei
Keyword(s):  
Phonemic Awareness ◽  
English Learners ◽  
Vocal Tract ◽  
Speech Sounds ◽  
International Phonetic Alphabet ◽  
Phonetic Transcription ◽  
Articulatory Phonetics ◽  
Practical Guidance ◽  
Manner Of Articulation

The main focus of this chapter is to present the articulatory description of English consonants and provide practical guidance on how to teach the consonant phonemes to ELLs. The chapter starts with the introduction of phonetics as a subfield of linguistics. The concepts such as phonemes, contrastive versus non-contrastive sounds, the branches of phonetics that study different aspects of human speech sounds, and two different types of phonemes—consonants and vowels—are introduced in this section. Next, the reader is familiarized with the International Phonetic Alphabet, which is a system of phonetic transcription. The chapter further presents the description of the vocal tract and explores the classification of English consonants according to their place and manner of articulation, and voicing. Some implications from the introduced phonetics theory for teaching phonics, phonemic awareness, and spelling to young ELLs, and pronunciation to adult English learners, as well as a set of recommendations for effective phonetics instruction for ELLs are discussed to conclude the chapter.

On the articulatory classification of (alveolo)palatal consonants

2013 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Recasens
Keyword(s):  
Vocal Tract ◽  
International Phonetic Alphabet ◽  
Symmetry Requirement ◽  
Configuration Data ◽  
Manner Of Articulation

Linguopalatal and sagittal vocal tract configuration data from a large number of languages reveal that the so-called palatal consonants (i.e. [ç ʎ c ɲ j]), as well as the vowel [i], are often realized simultaneously at the alveolar and palatal zones. Moreover, while some of these sound categories may also exhibit a palatal constriction ([ç c ɲj i]), others are exclusively alveolar or alveolopalatal in line with the manner of articulation characteristics involved ([ʎ], also [ɕ] and [tʃ]). Consonants may favor one or more places of articulation and differ in fronting degree depending on the language taken into consideration; moreover, there appears to be a symmetry requirement by which consonants differing in manner, such as [c] and [ɲ], may agree in place. The data reported in this paper argue in favor of a revision of the articulatory classification of palatal consonants by the International Phonetic Alphabet involving their subdivision into two classes, an alveolopalatal and a palatal one.

A new front-end for classification of non-speech sounds: a study on human whistle

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahesh Kumar Nandwana ◽  
Hynek Bořil ◽  
John H. L. Hansen
Keyword(s):  
Speech Sounds ◽  
Front End

Phonetic Disintegration in a Five-Year-Old Following Sudden Hearing Loss

1982 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 181-189 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carl A. Binnie ◽  
Raymond G. Daniloff ◽  
Hugh W. Buckingham
Keyword(s):  
Hearing Loss ◽  
Sudden Hearing Loss ◽  
Spectrographic Analysis ◽  
Speech Sounds ◽  
Single Word ◽  
Profound Hearing Loss ◽  
Phonetic Transcription ◽  
Prolonged Duration

The speech of a five-year-old boy who suffered a profound hearing loss following meningitis was sampled at two-week intervals for nine months. Speech samples were subjected to phonetic transcription, spectrographic analysis, and intelligibility testing. Immediately post-trauma, the child displayed slightly slower, F o elevated, acoustically intense speech in which phonemic distortion and syllabification of consonants occurred occasionally; single word intelligibility was depressed below normal between 20–30%. By the 18th week, a sudden decline in intelligibility, increasing monotony of pitch, and a pattern of strongly emphatic, prolonged, aspirated, syllabified, and increasingly distorted consonants were manifest. At year's end, the child's speech bore some resemblance to the speech of the deaf in terms of suprasegmentals, intonation, and intelligibility, but differed because the child rarely, if ever deleted speech sounds or diphthongized vowels strongly. It is speculated that phonetic processes such as diphthongization, syllabification, and prolonged duration may be strategies for enhancing feedback during speech.

scholarly journals The unintended consequences of COVID-19 mitigation measures matter: practical guidance for investigating them

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne-Marie Turcotte-Tremblay ◽  
Idriss Ali Gali Gali ◽  
Valéry Ridde
Keyword(s):  
Unintended Consequences ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
World Health ◽  
Mitigation Measures ◽  
Extensive Experience ◽  
Systematic Assessment ◽  
Practical Guidance ◽  
Conducting Research ◽  
Health Organization

Abstract Background COVID-19 has led to the adoption of unprecedented mitigation measures which could trigger many unintended consequences. These unintended consequences can be far-reaching and just as important as the intended ones. The World Health Organization identified the assessment of unintended consequences of COVID-19 mitigation measures as a top priority. Thus far, however, their systematic assessment has been neglected due to the inattention of researchers as well as the lack of training and practical tools. Main text Over six years our team has gained extensive experience conducting research on the unintended consequences of complex health interventions. Through a reflexive process, we developed insights that can be useful for researchers in this area. Our analysis is based on key literature and lessons learned reflexively in conducting multi-site and multi-method studies on unintended consequences. Here we present practical guidance for researchers wishing to assess the unintended consequences of COVID-19 mitigation measures. To ensure resource allocation, protocols should include research questions regarding unintended consequences at the outset. Social science theories and frameworks are available to help assess unintended consequences. To determine which changes are unintended, researchers must first understand the intervention theory. To facilitate data collection, researchers can begin by forecasting potential unintended consequences through literature reviews and discussions with stakeholders. Including desirable and neutral unintended consequences in the scope of study can help minimize the negative bias reported in the literature. Exploratory methods can be powerful tools to capture data on the unintended consequences that were unforeseen by researchers. We recommend researchers cast a wide net by inquiring about different aspects of the mitigation measures. Some unintended consequences may only be observable in subsequent years, so longitudinal approaches may be useful. An equity lens is necessary to assess how mitigation measures may unintentionally increase disparities. Finally, stakeholders can help validate the classification of consequences as intended or unintended. Conclusion Studying the unintended consequences of COVID-19 mitigation measures is not only possible but also necessary to assess their overall value. The practical guidance presented will help program planners and evaluators gain a more comprehensive understanding of unintended consequences to refine mitigation measures.

scholarly journals Classification of speech under stress based on modeling of the vocal folds and vocal tract

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiao Yao ◽  
Takatoshi Jitsuhiro ◽  
Chiyomi Miyajima ◽  
Norihide Kitaoka ◽  
Kazuya Takeda
Keyword(s):  
Vocal Tract ◽  
Vocal Folds

The Wrightington Classification of Rheumatoid Wrist X-Rays: A Guide to Surgical Management

1989 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 451-455
Author(s):  
S. P. HODGSON ◽  
J. K. STANLEY ◽  
A. MUIRHEAD
Keyword(s):  
Rheumatoid Arthritis ◽  
Surgical Management ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Rheumatoid Disease ◽  
Rheumatoid Wrist ◽  
Practical Guidance ◽  
Surgical Choices ◽  
Results Of Surgery

We have reviewed the pre-operative radiological appearances, the type of operation performed and the results of surgery of 234 wrists in 179 patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Based on this, a classification of X-rays of the rheumatoid wrist is described. It is designed to provide practical guidance to the surgeon who is planning surgery in a patient with rheumatoid disease. The surgical choices at each stage of the disease are briefly discussed.

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