The Shielding Materials from EM Radiation for Aircraft Fuselage

2016 ◽  
Vol 857 ◽  
pp. 598-602 ◽  
Author(s):  
I.R.W. Perdana ◽  
A.A. Al-Hadi ◽  
Mohabbatul Zaman Bukhari
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Cosmic Rays ◽  
Radiation Exposure ◽  
Effective Dose ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Radiation Effect ◽  
Galactic Cosmic Rays ◽  
Air Travel ◽  
Lower Effective Dose ◽  
Aircraft Fuselage

In the last few decades, when travel makes one modest, people prefer air travel instead of car. As such, aircrews and flight passengers are prone to electromagnetic (EM) radiation exposure overtime during flight. Various researches were conducted by the Federal Aviation Agency (FAA) and European Union (EU) in order to understand its details. This paper offers reviews of EM radiation effect to human body in altitude of commercial jet and materials that may provide a convince protection for fuselage structure of aircraft. It was found that Polyethylene (PE) is a convincing material that may absorb EM radiation. NASA has found that lower effective dose toward galactic cosmic rays (GCR) was obtained in PE at 0.1 cSv/day compared to aluminum at 0.125 cSv/day at the same thickness which was 20 g/cm2.

Comparative Analysis of Approaches to Regulation and Monitoring of Workers for Internal Radiation Exposure

2021 ◽  
Vol 66 (6) ◽  
pp. 102-110
Author(s):  
A. Molokanov ◽  
B. Kukhta ◽  
E. Maksimova
Keyword(s):  
Radiation Exposure ◽  
Effective Dose ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Radiation Safety ◽  
Urine Excretion ◽  
Internal Radiation ◽  
Dose Limits ◽  
Daily Urine ◽  
Permissible Levels ◽  
Committed Effective Dose

Purpose: Harmonization and improvement of the system for regulating the internal radiation exposure of workers and the basic requirements for ensuring radiation safety with international requirements and recommendations. Material and methods: Issues related to the development of approaches to regulation and monitoring of workers for internal radiation exposure in the process of evolution of the ICRP recommendations and the national radiation safety standards, are considered. The subject of analysis is the standardized values: dose limits for workers and permissible levels as well as directly related methods of monitoring of workers for internal radiation exposure, whose purpose is to determine the degree of compliance with the principles of radiation safety and regulatory requirements, including non-exceeding the basic dose limits and permissible levels. The permissible levels of inhalation intake of insoluble compounds (dioxide) of plutonium-239 are considered as a numerical example. Results: Based on the analysis of approaches to the regulation and monitoring of workers for internal radiation exposure for the period from 1959 to 2019, it is shown that a qualitative change in the approach occurred in the 1990s. It was due to a decrease in the number of standardized values by introducing a single dose limit for all types of exposure: the effective dose E, which takes into account the different sensitivity of organs and tissues for stochastic radiation effects (WT), using the previously accepted concepts of the equivalent dose H and groups of critical organs. From the analysis it follows that the committed effective dose is a linear transformation of the intake, linking these two quantities by the dose coefficient, which does not depend on the time during which the intake occurred, and reflects certain exposure conditions of the radionuclide intake (intake routes, parameters of aerosols and type of radionuclide compounds). It was also shown that the reference value of the function z(t) linking the measured value of activity in an organ (tissue) or in excretion products with the committed effective dose for a reference person, which is introduced for the first time in the publications of the ICRP OIR 2015-2019, makes it possible to standardize the method of measuring the normalized value of the effective dose. Based on the comparison of the predicted values of the lung and daily urine excretion activities following constant chronic inhalation intake of insoluble plutonium compounds at a rate equal annual limit of intake (ALI) during the period of occupational activity 50 years it was shown that the modern biokinetic models give a slightly lower level (on average 2 times) of the lungs exposure compared to the models of the previous generation and a proportionally lower level (on average 1.4 times) of plutonium urine excretion for the standard type of insoluble plutonium compounds S. However, for the specially defined insoluble plutonium compound, PuO2, the level of plutonium urine excretion differs significantly downward (on average 11.5 times) compared to the models of the previous generation. Conclusion: With the practical implementation of new ICRP OIR models, in particular for PuO2 compounds, additional studies should be carried out on the behavior of insoluble industrial plutonium compounds in the human body. Besides, additional possibilities should be used to determine the intake of plutonium by measuring in the human body the radionuclide Am-241, which is the Pu-241 daughter. To determine the plutonium urine excretion, the most sensitive measurement techniques should be used, having a decision threshold about fractions of mBq in a daily urine for S-type compounds and an order of magnitude lower for PuO2 compounds. This may require the development and implementation in monitoring practice the plutonium-DTPA Biokinetic Model.

Modelling of aircrew radiation exposure from galactic cosmic rays and solar particle events

2007 ◽  
Vol 124 (4) ◽  
pp. 289-318 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Takada ◽  
B. J. Lewis ◽  
M. Boudreau ◽  
H. Al Anid ◽  
L. G. I. Bennett
Keyword(s):  
Cosmic Rays ◽  
Radiation Exposure ◽  
Galactic Cosmic Rays ◽  
Solar Particle Events ◽  
Solar Particle

scholarly journals MODELING OF AIRCREW RADIATION EXPOSURE FROM GALACTIC COSMIC RAYS AND SOLAR PARTICLE EVENTS

2007 ◽  
pp. 233-243
Author(s):  
M. TAKADA ◽  
B. J. LEWIS ◽  
M. BOUDREAU ◽  
H. AL ANID ◽  
L. G. I. BENNETT
Keyword(s):  
Cosmic Rays ◽  
Radiation Exposure ◽  
Galactic Cosmic Rays ◽  
Solar Particle Events ◽  
Solar Particle

Radiation exposure of the staff at the therapeutic and diagnostic nuclear medicine department

2008 ◽  
Vol 47 (04) ◽  
pp. 175-177 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Dolezal
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Medicine ◽  
Radiation Exposure ◽  
Effective Dose ◽  
Radiation Protection ◽  
Annual Effective Dose ◽  
Protection Measures ◽  
Professional Groups ◽  
Personal Dosimetry ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Administered Activity

SummaryAim: To assess a radiation exposure and the quality of radiation protection concerning a nuclear medicine staff at our department as a six-year retrospective study. Therapeutic radionuclides such as 131I, 153Sm, 186Re, 32P, 90Y and diagnostic ones as a 99mTc, 201Tl, 67Ga, 111In were used. Material, method: The effective dose was evaluated in the period of 2001–2006 for nuclear medicine physicians (n = 5), technologists (n = 9) and radiopharmacists (n = 2). A personnel film dosimeter and thermoluminescent ring dosimeter for measuring (1-month periods) the personal dose equivalent Hp(10) and Hp(0,07) were used by nuclear medicine workers. The wearing of dosimeters was obligatory within the framework of a nationwide service for personal dosimetry. The total administered activity of all radionuclides during these six years at our department was 17,779 GBq (99mTc 14 708 GBq, 131I 2490 GBq, others 581 GBq). The administered activity of 99mTc was similar, but the administered activity of 131I in 2006 increased by 200%, as compared with the year 2001. Results: The mean and one standard deviation (SD) of the personal annual effective dose (mSv) for nuclear medicine physicians was 1.9 ± 0.6, 1.8 ± 0.8, 1.2 ± 0.8, 1.4 ± 0.8, 1.3 ± 0.6, 0.8 ± 0.4 and for nuclear medicine technologists was 1.9 ± 0.8, 1.7 ± 1.4, 1.0 ± 1.0, 1.1 ± 1.2, 0.9 ± 0.4 and 0.7 ± 0.2 in 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005 and 2006, respectively. The mean (n = 2, estimate of SD makes little sense) of the personal annual effective dose (mSv) for radiopharmacists was 3.2, 1.8, 0.6, 1.3, 0.6 and 0.3. Although the administered activity of 131I increased, the mean personal effective dose per year decreased during the six years. Conclusion: In all three professional groups of nuclear medicine workers a decreasing radiation exposure was found, although the administered activity of 131I increased during this six-year period. Our observations suggest successful radiation protection measures at our department.

Galactic Cosmic Rays and the Evolution of Light Elements

1998 ◽  
Vol 499 (2) ◽  
pp. 735-745 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Lemoine ◽  
Elisabeth Vangioni‐Flam ◽  
Michel Casse
Keyword(s):  
Cosmic Rays ◽  
Galactic Cosmic Rays ◽  
Light Elements

scholarly journals On particle acceleration and transport in plasmas in the Galaxy: theory and observations

2021 ◽  
Vol 87 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena Amato ◽  
Sabrina Casanova
Keyword(s):  
Particle Acceleration ◽  
Cosmic Rays ◽  
Galactic Cosmic Rays ◽  
Energetic Particles ◽  
Quality Data ◽  
Current Status ◽  
The Earth ◽  
The Galaxy ◽  
Formation And Evolution ◽  
Galaxy Assembly

Accelerated particles are ubiquitous in the Cosmos and play a fundamental role in many processes governing the evolution of the Universe at all scales, from the sub-AU scale relevant for the formation and evolution of stars and planets to the Mpc scale involved in Galaxy assembly. We reveal the presence of energetic particles in many classes of astrophysical sources thanks to their production of non-thermal radiation, and we detect them directly at the Earth as cosmic rays. In the last two decades both direct and indirect observations have provided us a wealth of new, high-quality data about cosmic rays and their interactions both in sources and during propagation, in the Galaxy and in the Solar System. Some of the new data have confirmed existing theories about particle acceleration and propagation and their interplay with the environment in which they occur. Some others have brought about interesting surprises, whose interpretation is not straightforward within the standard framework and may require a change of paradigm in terms of our ideas about the origin of cosmic rays of different species or in different energy ranges. In this article, we focus on cosmic rays of galactic origin, namely with energies below a few petaelectronvolts, where a steepening is observed in the spectrum of energetic particles detected at the Earth. We review the recent observational findings and the current status of the theory about the origin and propagation of galactic cosmic rays.

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