Injury Surveillance of Head, Neck, and Facial Injuries in Collegiate Ice Hockey Players, 2009–2010 Through 2013–2014 Academic Years

Context: Ice hockey is a high-speed, full-contact sport with a high risk of head/face/neck (HFN) injuries. However, men's and women's ice hockey differ; checking is allowed only among men. Objectives: To describe the epidemiology of HFN injuries in collegiate men's and women's ice hockey during the 2009−2010 through 2013−2014 academic years. Design: Descriptive epidemiology study. Setting: Ice hockey data from the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Injury Surveillance Program during the 2009−2010 through 2013−2014 academic years. Patients or Other Participants: Fifty-seven men's and 26 women's collegiate ice hockey programs from all NCAA divisions provided 106 and 51 team-seasons of data, respectively. Main Outcome Measure(s): Injury rates per 1000 athlete-exposures and rate ratios with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results: The NCAA Injury Surveillance Program reported 496 and 131 HFN injuries in men's and women's ice hockey, respectively. The HFN injury rate was higher in men than in women (1.75 versus 1.16/1000 athlete-exposures; incidence rate ratio = 1.51; 95% CI = 1.25, 1.84). The proportion of HFN injuries from checking was higher in men than in women for competitions (38.5% versus 13.6%; injury proportion ratio = 2.82; 95% CI = 1.64, 4.85) and practices (21.9% versus 2.3%; injury proportion ratio = 9.41; 95% CI = 1.31, 67.69). The most common HFN injury diagnosis was concussion; most concussions occurred in men's competitions from player contact while checking (25.9%). Player contact during general play comprised the largest proportion of concussions in men's practices (25.9%), women's competitions (25.0%), and women's practices (24.0%). While 166 lacerations were reported in men, none were reported in women. In men, most lacerations occurred from player contact during checking in competitions (41.8%) and player contact during general play in practices (15.0%). Conclusions: A larger proportion of HFN injuries in ice hockey occurred during checking in men versus women. Concussion was the most common HFN injury and was most often due to player contact. Lacerations were reported only among men and were mostly due to checking. Injury-prevention programs should aim to reduce checking-related injuries.

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Epidemiology of Injuries in National Collegiate Athletic Association Men's Ice Hockey: 2014–2015 Through 2018–2019

Journal of Athletic Training ◽

10.4085/1062-6050-611-20 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 56 (7) ◽

pp. 703-710

Author(s):

Adrian J. Boltz ◽

Aliza K. Nedimyer ◽

Avinash Chandran ◽

Hannah J. Robison ◽

Christy L. Collins ◽

...

Keyword(s):

National Collegiate Athletic Association ◽

Injury Rate ◽

Injury Surveillance ◽

Ice Hockey ◽

Surveillance Program ◽

Surveillance Systems ◽

Collateral Ligament ◽

Injury Rates ◽

Rate Ratios ◽

Temporal Qualities

Context The National Collegiate Athletic Association has supported men's ice hockey, a distinct sport that mandates high-velocity gamesmanship, since 1974. Background Injury surveillance systems are designed to identify evolving injury trends and their temporal qualities. Continual monitoring of collegiate men's ice hockey athletes remains essential. Methods Exposure and injury data collected in the National Collegiate Athletic Association Injury Surveillance Program from 2014–2015 through 2018–2019 were analyzed. Injury counts, rates, and proportions were used to describe injury characteristics, and injury rate ratios (IRR) were used to examine differential injury rates. Results The overall injury rate was 7.65 per 1000 athlete-exposures. Injuries from competition occurred at a rate nearly 7 times that from practice injuries (IRR = 6.54, 95% CI = 6.08, 7.04). The most common specific injury diagnoses were concussions (9.6%), acromioclavicular sprains (7.3%), and medial collateral ligament tears (3.7%). Summary Injury rates by event type and season segment were higher than previously reported. Contusions accounted for nearly a quarter of all injuries, and acromioclavicular sprain rates increased notably across the study period.

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Epidemiology of Foot and Ankle Injuries in National Collegiate Athletic Association Men’s and Women’s Ice Hockey

Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine ◽

10.1177/2325967119865908 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 7 (8) ◽

pp. 232596711986590 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Steven G. Crowley ◽

David P. Trofa ◽

J. Turner Vosseller ◽

Prakash Gorroochurn ◽

Lauren H. Redler ◽

...

Keyword(s):

National Collegiate Athletic Association ◽

Injury Surveillance ◽

Ice Hockey ◽

Ankle Injuries ◽

Surveillance Program ◽

Ankle Sprains ◽

Foot And Ankle ◽

Time Loss ◽

Injury Rates ◽

Hockey Players

Background: Ice hockey is a high-speed contact sport in which athletes are prone to many different injuries. While past studies have examined overall injury rates in ice hockey, foot and ankle injuries among collegiate ice hockey players have yet to be analyzed. Purpose/Hypothesis: The purpose of this study was to elucidate the epidemiology of foot and ankle injuries among collegiate ice hockey players utilizing data from the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Injury Surveillance Program. We hypothesized that male ice hockey players would sustain more injuries compared with female ice hockey players and that the injuries sustained would be more severe. Study Design: Descriptive epidemiology study. Methods: Data on all foot and ankle injuries sustained during the academic years 2004 through 2014 were obtained from the NCAA Injury Surveillance Program. Injury rates, rate ratios (RRs), and injury proportion ratios were reported with 95% CIs. Results: Over the study period, the overall rate of foot and ankle injuries for men was higher than that for women (413 vs 103 injuries, respectively; RR, 4.01 [95% CI, 3.23-4.97]). Injury rates were highest during the regular season for both men (358 injuries; RR, 64.78 [95% CI, 58.07-71.49]) and women (89 injuries; RR, 38.37 [95% CI, 30.40-46.35]) compared with the preseason or postseason. The most common injury in men was a foot and/or toe contusion (22.5%), while women most commonly sustained a low ankle sprain (31.1%). For men, foot and/or toe contusions accounted for the most non–time loss (≤24 hours ) and moderate time-loss (2-13 days) injuries, while high ankle sprains accounted for the most severe time-loss (≥14 days) injuries. For women, foot and/or toe contusions accounted for the most non–time loss injuries, low ankle sprains accounted for the most moderate time-loss injuries, and high ankle sprains accounted for the most severe time-loss injuries. Conclusion: Foot and ankle injuries were frequent among collegiate ice hockey players during the period studied. For men, contusions were the most commonly diagnosed injury, although high ankle sprains resulted in the most significant time lost. For women, low ankle sprains were the most common and resulted in the most moderate time lost. These findings may direct future injury prevention and guide improvements in ice skate design.

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Epidemiology of National Collegiate Athletic Association men's and women's tennis injuries, 2009/2010–2014/2015

British Journal of Sports Medicine ◽

10.1136/bjsports-2015-095360 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 50 (19) ◽

pp. 1211-1216 ◽

Cited By ~ 27

Author(s):

Robert C Lynall ◽

Zachary Y Kerr ◽

Aristarque Djoko ◽

Babette M Pluim ◽

Brian Hainline ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Injury Prevention ◽

National Collegiate Athletic Association ◽

Injury Rate ◽

Injury Surveillance ◽

Upper Extremities ◽

Surveillance Program ◽

Injury Rates ◽

Men And Women ◽

Prevention Programmes ◽

Rate Ratios

BackgroundThis study describes the epidemiology of men's and women's tennis injuries reported by the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Injury Surveillance Program (ISP) during the 2009/2010–2014/2015 academic years.MethodsInjuries and athlete-exposure (AE) data originated from 19 varsity men's programmes (38 team-seasons); women's tennis data originated from 25 varsity programmes (52 team-seasons). Injury rates, injury rate ratios (IRRs) and injury proportions ratios (IPRs) were reported with 95% CIs.ResultsThe ISP captured 181 and 227 injuries for men's and women's tennis, respectively, for injury rates of 4.89 and 4.88/1000 AE for men and women, respectively. There were 32.2% and 63.9% reductions in men's and women's tennis practice injury rates between 2009/2010–2011/2012 and 2012/2013–2014/2015, but no reductions in competition injury rates. Competition injury rates were higher than practice injury rates in men's (IRR=2.32; 95% CI 1.72 to 3.13) and women's tennis (IRR=1.77; 95% CI 1.35 to 2.33). Most injuries in men's and women's tennis occurred to the lower extremities (47.0% and 52.4%, respectively), compared with the trunk (16.6% and 17.6%, respectively) and upper extremities (23.8 and 23.8, respectively).ConclusionsInjury rates in NCAA men's and women's tennis were similar overall. Practice injury rates in men's and women's tennis have declined, although competition rates have not changed. These findings may help inform injury prevention programmes in the future.

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Comparison of Concussion Rates Between NCAA Division I and Division III Men’s and Women’s Ice Hockey Players

The American Journal of Sports Medicine ◽

10.1177/0363546517710005 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 45 (11) ◽

pp. 2622-2629 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

John M. Rosene ◽

Bryan Raksnis ◽

Brie Silva ◽

Tyler Woefel ◽

Paul S. Visich ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Ncaa Division I ◽

National Collegiate Athletic Association ◽

Injury Rate ◽

Ice Hockey ◽

Division I ◽

Surveillance Program ◽

Division Iii ◽

Convenience Sample ◽

Hockey Players ◽

Rate Ratios

Background: Examinations related to divisional differences in the incidence of sports-related concussions (SRC) in collegiate ice hockey are limited. Purpose: To compare the epidemiologic patterns of concussion in National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) ice hockey by sex and division. Study Design: Descriptive epidemiology study. Methods: A convenience sample of men’s and women’s ice hockey teams in Divisions I and III provided SRC data via the NCAA Injury Surveillance Program during the 2009-2010 to 2014-2015 academic years. Concussion counts, rates, and distributions were examined by factors including injury activity and position. Injury rate ratios (IRRs) and injury proportion ratios (IPRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used to compare concussion rates and distributions, respectively. Results: Overall, 415 concussions were reported for men’s and women’s ice hockey combined. The highest concussion rate was found in Division I men (0.83 per 1000 athlete-exposures [AEs]), followed by Division III women (0.78/1000 AEs), Division I women (0.65/1000 AEs), and Division III men (0.64/1000 AEs). However, the only significant IRR was that the concussion rate was higher in Division I men than Division III men (IRR = 1.29; 95% CI, 1.02-1.65). The proportion of concussions from checking was higher in men than women (28.5% vs 9.4%; IPR = 3.02; 95% CI, 1.63-5.59); however, this proportion was higher in Division I women than Division III women (18.4% vs 1.8%; IPR = 10.47; 95% CI, 1.37-79.75). The proportion of concussions sustained by goalkeepers was higher in women than men (14.2% vs 2.9%; IPR = 4.86; 95% CI, 2.19-10.77), with findings consistent within each division. Conclusion: Concussion rates did not vary by sex but differed by division among men. Checking-related concussions were less common in women than men overall but more common in Division I women than Division III women. Findings highlight the need to better understand the reasons underlying divisional differences within men’s and women’s ice hockey and the need to develop concussion prevention strategies specific to each athlete population.

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Epidemiology of Injuries in National Collegiate Athletic Association Women's Swimming and Diving: 2014–2015 Through 2018–2019

Journal of Athletic Training ◽

10.4085/1062-6050-724-20 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 56 (7) ◽

pp. 711-718

Author(s):

Avinash Chandran ◽

Sarah N. Morris ◽

Bernadette A. D'Alonzo ◽

Adrian J. Boltz ◽

Hannah J. Robison ◽

...

Keyword(s):

National Collegiate Athletic Association ◽

Injury Rate ◽

Temporal Patterns ◽

Sports Injury ◽

Injury Surveillance ◽

Surveillance Program ◽

Injury Rates ◽

Injury Characteristics ◽

Injury Data ◽

Rate Ratios

Context The number of women's swimming and diving teams sponsored by the National Collegiate Athletic Association has increased over the last 5 years. Background Routine examinations of women's swimming and diving injuries are important for identifying emerging temporal patterns. Methods Exposure and injury data collected in the National Collegiate Athletic Association Injury Surveillance Program during the 2014–2015 through 2018–2019 athletic seasons were analyzed. Injury counts, rates, and proportions were used to describe injury characteristics, and injury rate ratios were used to examine differences in injury rates. Results The overall injury rate was 1.78 per 1000 athlete-exposures in swimmers and 2.49 per 1000 AEs in divers. Shoulder (33.0%) injuries accounted for the largest proportion of all swimming injuries; most injuries were classified as overuse (51.3%). Head or face (29.4%) and trunk (20.2%) injuries accounted for the largest proportions of all diving injuries. Summary Findings indicated that shoulder and trunk injuries, as well as injuries resulting from overuse mechanisms, warrant further attention in swimming. Given the low in the National Collegiate Athletic Association Injury Surveillance Program observed across the study period, the need for greater participation in sports injury surveillance is also apparent.

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Epidemiology of Injuries in National Collegiate Athletic Association Men's Baseball: 2014–2015 Through 2018–2019

Journal of Athletic Training ◽

10.4085/1062-6050-432-20 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 56 (7) ◽

pp. 742-749

Author(s):

Adrian J. Boltz ◽

Jacob R. Powell ◽

Hannah J. Robison ◽

Sarah N. Morris ◽

Christy L. Collins ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Upper Extremity ◽

National Collegiate Athletic Association ◽

Injury Rate ◽

Injury Surveillance ◽

Surveillance Program ◽

Body Parts ◽

Injury Rates ◽

Injury Characteristics ◽

Collegiate Baseball ◽

Rate Ratios

Context The National Collegiate Athletic Association has supported men's baseball championships since 1947. Since its inception, the number of participating teams and athletes has considerably expanded. Background Frequently conducting injury surveillance of collegiate baseball athletes is essential for identifying developing temporal patterns. Methods Exposure and injury data collected in the National Collegiate Athletic Association Injury Surveillance Program during 2014–2015 through 2018–2019 were analyzed. Injury counts, rates, and proportions were used to describe injury characteristics; injury rate ratios were used to examine differential injury rates. Results The overall injury rate was 3.16 per 1000 athlete-exposures. The preseason injury rate was significantly higher than the regular season injury rate. The most commonly injured body parts were shoulder (16.1%), arm or elbow (16%), and hand or wrist (13.9%). The most reported specific injury was hamstring tear (7.9%). Conclusions The findings of this study aligned with previous studies—most injuries were due to noncontact and overuse mechanisms, less than one-half of injuries were related to upper extremity body parts, and one-third of all injuries were reported among pitchers.

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Epidemiology of Upper Extremity Injuries in NCAA Men’s and Women’s Ice Hockey

The American Journal of Sports Medicine ◽

10.1177/0363546518781338 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 46 (10) ◽

pp. 2521-2529 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Patricia R. Melvin ◽

Spenser Souza ◽

R. Nelson Mead ◽

Christopher Smith ◽

Mary K. Mulcahey

Keyword(s):

Upper Extremity ◽

Acromioclavicular Joint ◽

Injury Rate ◽

Injury Surveillance ◽

Ice Hockey ◽

Surveillance Program ◽

Time Loss ◽

Injury Rates ◽

Men And Women ◽

Hockey Players

Background: Ice hockey is a physically demanding sport where athletes are susceptible to a variety of injuries. Several studies reported the overall injury rates in ice hockey; however, there is a paucity of information on upper extremity (UE) injuries among collegiate ice hockey players. Purpose: To describe the epidemiology of UE injuries among collegiate male and female ice hockey players with NCAA (National Collegiate Athletic Association) injury surveillance data from 2004-2005 to 2013-2014. Study Design: Descriptive epidemiology study. Methods: Data were obtained from the NCAA Injury Surveillance Program for all UE injuries sustained during the academic years 2004-2005 to 2013-2014. Injury rates, rate ratios (RRs), and injury proportion ratios were reported with 95% CIs. Results: During the 10 years studied, the overall rate of UE injuries for men was higher than that for women (236 vs 125 injuries per 100,000 athlete-exposures [AEs]; RR, 1.89; 95% CI, 1.67-2.15). UE injuries sustained during either pre- or postseason were approximately 3 times higher for men than for women (preseason: 149 vs 53 per 100,000 AEs; RR, 2.83; 95% CI, 1.69-4.74; postseason: 143 vs 49 per 100,000 AEs; RR, 2.91; 95% CI, 1.33-6.38). The overall injury rate was highest during the regular season (men: 257 per 100,000 AEs; 95% CI, 242-272; women: 143 per 100,000 AEs; 95% CI, 126-160). Additionally, the injury rate for men and women was higher during competition than practice (men: 733 vs 83 per 100,000 AEs; 95% CI, 687-780 and 75-92; women: 303 vs 64 per 100,000 AEs; 95% CI, 259-348 and 52-76). The most common injury observed was acromioclavicular joint sprain (men, 29.1%; women, 13.8%). For both groups, acromioclavicular joint injuries accounted for most non–time loss, moderate time loss (2-13 days), and severe time loss (≥14 days) injuries. Conclusion: Men and women sustained a significant number of UE injuries playing collegiate ice hockey during the period studied, with acromioclavicular joint sprain being the most common UE injury and the one that most frequently led to significant time loss. These data may provide insight for future injury prevention and guide improvements in training.

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Epidemiology of Injuries in National Collegiate Athletic Association Men's Swimming and Diving: 2014–2015 Through 2018–2019

Journal of Athletic Training ◽

10.4085/1062-6050-703-20 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 56 (7) ◽

pp. 719-726

Author(s):

Adrian J. Boltz ◽

Hannah J. Robison ◽

Sarah N. Morris ◽

Bernadette A. D'Alonzo ◽

Christy L. Collins ◽

...

Keyword(s):

National Collegiate Athletic Association ◽

Injury Rate ◽

Injury Surveillance ◽

Surveillance Program ◽

Injury Rates ◽

Injury Characteristics ◽

Injury Data ◽

Surface Contact ◽

Rate Ratios

Context The National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) has sponsored men's swimming and diving since 1937. Background Routine examinations of men's swimming and diving injuries are important for identifying emerging injury-related patterns. Methods Exposure and injury data collected in the NCAA Injury Surveillance Program during the 2014–2015 through 2018–2019 academic years were analyzed. Injury counts, rates, and proportions were used to describe injury characteristics, and injury rate ratios were used to examine differences in injury rates. Results The overall injury rate was 1.56 per 1000 athlete-exposures (AEs) for swimmers and 1.52 per 1000 AEs for divers. Shoulder (27.0%) injuries accounted for the largest proportion of all swimming injuries, and most injuries were attributed to overuse mechanisms (42.6%). Shoulder (23.3%) and trunk (23.3%) injuries accounted for the largest proportion of all diving injuries, and most injuries resulted from surface contact (32.6%). Conclusions Findings were consistent with existing literature on swimming and diving. The need for continued surveillance, coupled with more robust participation by swimming and diving programs was also highlighted.

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The Epidemiology of Deltoid Ligament Sprains in 25 National Collegiate Athletic Association Sports, 2009–2010 Through 2014–2015 Academic Years

Journal of Athletic Training ◽

10.4085/1062.6050-52.2.01 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 52 (4) ◽

pp. 350-359 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Thomas J. Kopec ◽

Elizabeth E. Hibberd ◽

Karen G. Roos ◽

Aristarque Djoko ◽

Thomas P. Dompier ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Student Athletes ◽

National Collegiate Athletic Association ◽

Injury Rate ◽

Injury Surveillance ◽

Deltoid Ligament ◽

Surveillance Program ◽

Injury Rates ◽

Ligament Sprain ◽

Rate Ratios ◽

Women's Soccer

Context: Deltoid ligament sprains among collegiate student-athletes have not been extensively investigated. Research regarding the mechanisms, participation-restriction time, and recurrence of deltoid ligament sprains in collegiate student-athletes is lacking. Objective: To describe the epidemiology of deltoid ligament sprains in 25 National Collegiate Athletic Association championship sports. Design: Descriptive epidemiology study. Setting: National Collegiate Athletic Association Injury Surveillance Program. Main Outcome Measure(s): We analyzed deltoid ligament sprains recorded in the Injury Surveillance Program for the 2009–2010 through 2014–2015 academic years. Deltoid ligament sprain injury rates, rate ratios, and injury proportion ratios with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were reported. Results: During the study period, 380 deltoid ligament sprains were reported, resulting in a combined injury rate of 0.79/10 000 athlete-exposures (AEs; 95% CI = 0.71, 0.87). Most deltoid ligament sprains occurred in practices (54.2%, n = 206). However, the competition injury rate was higher than the practice injury rate (rate ratio = 3.74; 95% CI = 3.06, 4.57). The highest deltoid ligament sprain rates were in women's gymnastics (2.30/10 000 AEs; 95% CI = 1.05, 3.55), men's soccer (1.73/10 000 AEs; 95% CI = 1.14, 2.32), women's soccer (1.61/10 000 AEs; 95% CI = 1.13, 2.09), and men's football (1.40/10 000 AEs; 95% CI = 1.18, 1.62). Nearly half of all deltoid ligament sprains (49.7%, n = 189) were due to player contact, and 39.5% (n = 150) were non–time-loss injuries (ie, participation restricted for less than 24 hours). Only 8.2% (n = 31) of deltoid ligament sprains were recurrent. Conclusions: The highest deltoid ligament sprain rates were in women's gymnastics, men's and women's soccer, and men's football. However, the rate for women's gymnastics was imprecise (ie, the CI was wide), highlighting the need for further surveillance of deltoid ligament sprains in the sport. Most deltoid ligament sprains were due to player contact. Future researchers should assess interventions that may prevent deltoid ligament sprains.

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Epidemiology of Injuries in National Collegiate Athletic Association Women's Ice Hockey: 2014–2015 Through 2018–2019

Journal of Athletic Training ◽

10.4085/1062-6050-546-20 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 56 (7) ◽

pp. 695-702

Author(s):

Avinash Chandran ◽

Aliza K. Nedimyer ◽

Adrian J. Boltz ◽

Hannah J. Robison ◽

Christy L. Collins ◽

...

Keyword(s):

National Collegiate Athletic Association ◽

Knee Injuries ◽

Injury Rate ◽

Ice Hockey ◽

Surveillance Program ◽

Injury Incidence ◽

Body Parts ◽

Shoulder Injuries ◽

Injury Rates ◽

Rate Ratios

Context The National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) has sponsored women's ice hockey championships since 2001, and sponsorship has grown over time. Background Routine examinations of injuries sustained by athletes are important for identifying and understanding patterns that can be used to inform sport safety practices. Methods Exposure and injury data collected in the NCAA Injury Surveillance Program from 2014–2015 through 2018–2019 were analyzed. Injury counts, rates, and proportions were used to describe injury characteristics, and injury rate ratios were used to examine differential injury rates. Results The overall injury rate was 5.89 per 1000 athlete-exposures; preseason injury incidence rose sharply during 2016–2017 through 2018–2019. Head/face injuries (15.2%), knee injuries (13.2%), and shoulder injuries (12.9%) were the most commonly injured body parts, and injuries were most often classified as contusions (18.9%), strains (18.7%), and sprains (15.5%). Concussion (11.9%) was the most commonly reported specific injury, and concussion rates notably increased during 2017–2018 through 2018–2019. Summary Study findings were generally consistent with the existing epidemiological evidence. Injury incidence in preseason and the etiology of strains warrant further attention in this population.

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