scholarly journals Levetiracetam Extended Release as Adjuvant Therapy for the Control of Partial-onset Seizures

2011 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. JCNSD.S4126
Author(s):  
Hasan H. Sonmezturk ◽  
Nabil J. Azar
Keyword(s):  
Animal Studies ◽  
Extended Release ◽  
Immediate Release ◽  
Brand Name ◽  
First Line ◽  
Release Formulation ◽  
Once Daily ◽  
Seizure Reduction ◽  
Extended Release Formulation ◽  
Clonic Seizures

Extended release (XR) formulation of levetiracetam (LEV) is approved by the Food and Drug Administration as an add-on to other antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) for adults with partial onset seizures. This is based on class-I evidence demonstrating significant seizure reduction in once daily dosing. Keppra-XR is marketed with the brand name of Keppra XR since 2008 (UCB Pharma). Its original immediate release (IR) formulation has been in the market since 2000. LEV has a unique molecular structure which is chemically unrelated to existing AEDs. The precise mechanism of action is unknown. Animal studies showed binding to synaptic vesicle protein SV2A, thought to be involved in modulating synaptic neurotransmitter release. LEV-IR is proven effective as adjunctive therapy for partial-onset seizures, primary generalized tonic-clonic seizures and myoclonic seizures. It was shown to be equivalent to carbamazepine as first-line treatment for partial-onset seizures. The extended release formulation added advantages such as better tolerance and increased compliance.

Pharmacokinetic simulation for switching from galantamine immediate-release to extended-release formulation

2005 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 483-487 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeremy P. Hing ◽  
Vladimir Piotrovsky ◽  
Hui Kimko ◽  
H. Robert Brashear ◽  
Qinying Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Extended Release ◽  
Immediate Release ◽  
Release Formulation ◽  
Extended Release Formulation

scholarly journals Pharmacokinetics of Rifampin and Clarithromycin in Patients Treated for Mycobacterium ulcerans Infection

2010 ◽  
Vol 54 (9) ◽  
pp. 3878-3883 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. W. C. Alffenaar ◽  
W. A. Nienhuis ◽  
F. de Velde ◽  
A. T. Zuur ◽  
A. M. A. Wessels ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Extended Release ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Mycobacterium Ulcerans ◽  
Pharmacokinetic Parameters ◽  
Time Curve ◽  
Release Formulation ◽  
Once Daily ◽  
Extended Release Formulation ◽  
Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass ◽  
Tandem Mass Spectroscopy

ABSTRACT In a randomized controlled trial in Ghana, treatment of Mycobacterium ulcerans infection with streptomycin (SM)-rifampin (RIF) for 8 weeks was compared with treatment with SM-RIF for 4 weeks followed by treatment with RIF-clarithromycin (CLA) for 4 weeks. The extent of the interaction of RIF and CLA combined on the pharmacokinetics of the two compounds is unknown in this population and was therefore studied in a subset of patients. Patients received CLA at a dose of 7.5 mg/kg of body weight once daily, rounded to the nearest 125 mg. RIF was administered at a dose of 10 mg/kg, rounded to the nearest 150 mg. SM was given at a dose of 15 mg/kg once daily as an intramuscular injection. Plasma samples were drawn at steady state and analyzed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectroscopy. Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated with the MW/Pharm (version 3.60) program. Comedication with CLA resulted in a 60% statistically nonsignificant increase in the area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) for RIF of 25.8 mg·h/liter (interquartile ratio [IQR], 21.7 to 31.5 mg·h/liter), whereas the AUC of RIF was 15.2 mg·h/liter (IQR, 15.0 to 17.5 mg·h/liter) in patients comedicated with SM (P = 0.09). The median AUCs of CLA and 14-hydroxyclarithromycin (14OH-CLA) were 2.9 mg·h/liter (IQR, 1.5 to 3.8 mg·h/liter) and 8.0 mg·h/liter (IQR, 6.7 to 8.6 mg·h/liter), respectively. The median concentration of CLA was above the MIC of M. ulcerans, but that of 14OH-CLA was not. In further clinical studies, a dose of CLA of 7.5 mg/kg twice daily should be used (or with an extended-release formulation, 15 mg/kg should be used) to ensure higher levels of exposure to CLA and an increase in the time above the MIC compared to those achieved with the currently used dose of 7.5 mg/kg once daily.

scholarly journals Pramipexole and its Extended Release Formulation for Parkinson's Disease

2011 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. JCNSD.S5210 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul S. Fishman
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Extended Release ◽  
Immediate Release ◽  
Motor Fluctuations ◽  
Release Formulation ◽  
Extended Release Formulation ◽  
Release Preparation ◽  
Early Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Release Form

Pramipexole has been a widely used dopamine agonist for the last decade. Recently an extended release formulation of pramipexole has been introduced as both monotherapy for patients with early Parkinson's disease as well as for patients with more advanced disease, as an adjunct to L-DOPA. Along with the enhanced patient compliance seen with once a day dosing, there are other potential advantages of extended release preparations of dopamine agonists. Patients initiated on pramipexole have a lower incidence of developing motor fluctuations including dyskinesia than those initiated on L-DOPA. Pramipexole requires a prolonged dose titration compared to L-DOPA, and generally does not have the efficacy of L-DOPA. The extended release form of pramipexole shows comparable mean and peak serum levels with once a day dosing as seen with three times a day dosing of the immediate release preparation. The extended release preparation has been studied in randomized multicenter clinical trial against both placebo and the immediate release preparation in the setting of early Parkinson's disease as monotherapy and in more advanced patients with motor fluctuations on L-DOPA. In both settings the extended release preparation was superior to placebo and comparable to the immediate release form in efficacy with a similar side effect profile including nausea, sleepiness, leg edema, dyskinesias, hallucinations and impulse control disorders.

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