Variable Speed of Light with Time and General Relativity

Newton's law of universal gravitation does not explain the Mercury's orbit anomalous precession, and the gravitational constant G values measured by different research teams do not coincide. This paper studied the two problems from a physical aesthetics and ideal fluid perspective, and derived a new formula for calculating the exact G value by using the speed of light in vacuum, including formulas for error correction, and verified by experimental results of other scientists. After being corrected, the G values measured by some famous surveyors approximately coincide with a specific value. The formulas also verified by the precession of Mercury's orbit and contribute an additional 35.94"/cy to the theoretical calculation value, the Mercury's anomalous precession, calculated by Le Verrier, is then reduced from 38"/cy to about 2"/cy. This provides another explanation for Mercury's anomalous precession which is completely different from that of Einstein's general relativity. Conclusion is that G equals 1/(16πc) when the masses are mass points and the Mercury's orbit anomalous precession equals 43"/cy should not be the evidence for prove Einstein's general relativity is correct. Further, this paper also presented an experimental plan for the space agency to verify who is right.

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Counterexamples to the Maximum Force Conjecture

Universe ◽

10.3390/universe7110403 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 7 (11) ◽

pp. 403

Author(s):

Aden Jowsey ◽

Matt Visser

Keyword(s):

General Relativity ◽

Dimensional Analysis ◽

Maximum Force ◽

Explicit Calculation ◽

General Notion ◽

Physical Situation ◽

Speed Of Light ◽

Maximum Tension ◽

Dimensionless Function ◽

Fluid Spheres

Dimensional analysis shows that the speed of light and Newton’s constant of gravitation can be combined to define a quantity F*=c4/GN with the dimensions of force (equivalently, tension). Then in any physical situation we must have Fphysical=fF*, where the quantity f is some dimensionless function of dimensionless parameters. In many physical situations explicit calculation yields f=O(1), and quite often f≤1/4. This has led multiple authors to suggest a (weak or strong) maximum force/maximum tension conjecture. Working within the framework of standard general relativity, we will instead focus on idealized counter-examples to this conjecture, paying particular attention to the extent to which the counter-examples are physically reasonable. The various idealized counter-examples we shall explore strongly suggest that one should not put too much credence into any truly universal maximum force/maximum tension conjecture. Specifically, idealized fluid spheres on the verge of gravitational collapse will generically violate the weak (and strong) maximum force conjectures. If one wishes to retain any truly general notion of “maximum force” then one will have to very carefully specify precisely which forces are to be allowed within the domain of discourse.

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Non-Standard Hierarchies of the Runnings of the Spectral Index in Inflation

10.20944/preprints201701.0133.v1 ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

Chris Longden

Keyword(s):

Spectral Index ◽

Field Model ◽

Variable Speed ◽

Speed Of Light ◽

Microwave Background ◽

Gravity Effects ◽

Alternative Scenarios ◽

Single Field ◽

Canonical Quantum Gravity ◽

Canonical Quantum

Recent analyses of cosmic microwave background surveys have revealed hints that there may be a non-trivial running of the running of the spectral index. If future experiments were to confirm these hints, it would prove a powerful discriminator of inflationary models, ruling out simple single field models. We discuss how isocurvature perturbations in multi-field models can be invoked to generate large runnings in a non-standard hierarchy, and find that a minimal model capable of practically realising this would be a two-field model with a non-canonical kinetic structure. We also consider alternative scenarios such as variable speed of light models and canonical quantum gravity effects and their implications for runnings of the spectral index.

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Ritz-type variable speed of light (VSL) cosmology

Physics Essays ◽

10.4006/0836-1398-27.4.523 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 27 (4) ◽

pp. 523-536

Author(s):

Santosh Devasia

Keyword(s):

Variable Speed ◽

Speed Of Light ◽

Type Variable

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Gravitational waves in modified Gauss–Bonnet gravity

International Journal of Modern Physics D ◽

10.1142/s0218271820500728 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 29 (10) ◽

pp. 2050072

Author(s):

Tomohiro Inagaki ◽

Masahiko Taniguchi

Keyword(s):

General Relativity ◽

Gravitational Waves ◽

Wave Equations ◽

Massive Scalar ◽

Speed Of Light ◽

Bonnet Gravity ◽

Cosmological Background ◽

Background Curvature ◽

Scalar Mode ◽

Metric Perturbation

We study the gravitational waves (GWs) in modified Gauss–Bonnet gravity. Applying the metric perturbation around a cosmological background, we obtain explicit expressions for the wave equations. It is shown that the speed of the traceless mode is equal to the speed of light. An additional massive scalar mode appears in the propagation of the GWs. To find phenomena beyond the general relativity, the scalar mode mass is calculated as a function of the background curvature in some typical models.

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