International Space Station United States Orbital Segment Oxygen Generation System On-orbit Operational Experience

INTRODUCTION: In the 1990s, Canada, member states of the European Space Agency, Japan, the Russian Federation, and the United States entered into an international agreement Concerning Cooperation on the Civil International Space Station. Among the many unique infrastructure challenges, partners were to develop a comprehensive international medical system and related processes to enable crew medical certification and medical support for all phases of missions, in a framework to support a multilateral space program of unprecedented size, scope, and degree of integration. During the Shuttle/Mir Program, physicians and specialized experts from the United States and Russia studied prototype systems and developed and operated collaborative mechanisms. The 1998 NASA Memoranda of Understanding with each of the other four partners established the Multilateral Medial Policy Board, the Multilateral Space Medicine Board, and the Multilateral Medical Operations Panel as medical authority bodies to ensure International Space Station (ISS) crew health and performance. Since 1998, the medical system of the ISS Program has ensured health and excellent performance of the international crewsan essential prerequisite for the construction and operation of the ISSand prevented mission-impacting medical events and adverse health outcomes. As the ISS is completing its second decade of crewed operation, it is prudent to appraise its established medical framework for its utility moving forward in new space exploration initiatives. Not only the ISS Program participants, but other nations and space agencies as well, concomitant with commercial endeavors in human spaceflight, can benefit from this evidence for future human exploration programs.Doarn CR, Polk JD, Grigoriev A, Comtois J-M, Shimada K, Weerts G, Dervay JP, Taddeo TA, Sargsyan A. A framework for multinational medical support for the International Space Station: a model for exploration. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2021; 92(2):129134.

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American and Japanese Control-Display Stereotypes: Possible Implications for Design of Space Station Systems

Proceedings of the Human Factors Society Annual Meeting ◽

10.1177/154193128803200205 ◽

1988 ◽

Vol 32 (2) ◽

pp. 30-34 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Clifford K. Wong ◽

John Lyman

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

International Space Station ◽

Space Station ◽

International Space ◽

Stimulus Response ◽

Long Duration ◽

Weak Stimulus ◽

Strong Control ◽

Display Systems ◽

Japanese Subjects

This study examined the stimulus-response stereotypes of American (United States citizens) and Japanese (Japanese citizens) subjects on the issue of control-display arrangements. Three questions were investigated. First, do Japanese and Americans operators adhere to the same compatibility principles, e.g., clockwise-for-increase, for certain configurations? Second, do the operators show similar or different responses to certain configurations? Third, are there arrangements in which both populations show strong or weak stimulus-response stereotypes? A paper and pencil test that contained 24 different control-display configurations was administered to 58 American subjects and 58 Japanese subjects, all of whom were right-handed. Out of the 24 configurations, only one elicited similar and statistically significant response stereotypes from American and Japanese subjects. The arrangement that did so emphasized that three compatibility principles (clockwise-for-increase, nearness of control-cursor relation, and scale-side) be in agreement with each other. The results provide initial, albeit speculative, guidelines for the design of control-display systems in NASA's international space station. Since multicultural crews will inhabit the space station for long duration missions, control-display designs which elicit common, consistent, and extremely strong control-movement stereotypes from different cultural populations is a necessity.

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The Return of Manned Missions

Mechanical Engineering ◽

10.1115/1.2019-jul3 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 141 (07) ◽

pp. 48-53

Author(s):

Chitra Sethi

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

International Space Station ◽

Space Shuttle ◽

Space Station ◽

The United States ◽

Space Program ◽

Private Companies ◽

International Space ◽

Space Suits ◽

And Training

The United States space program has been without a launch vehicle for human spaceflight since 2011. That was when the space shuttle Atlantis returned on its final flight. Since then, NASA has relied on the Russian Soyuz spacecraft to take its astronauts to the International Space Station. However, if all goes to plan this could soon change, as two private companies are working with NASA to launch the first astronauts into orbit. The companies, SpaceX and Boeing, are building crew capsules and rockets, designing space suits, and training astronauts to fly these new vehicles into space.

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