scholarly journals The Return of Manned Missions

2019 ◽  
Vol 141 (07) ◽  
pp. 48-53
Author(s):  
Chitra Sethi
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
International Space Station ◽  
Space Shuttle ◽  
Space Station ◽  
The United States ◽  
Space Program ◽  
Private Companies ◽  
International Space ◽  
Space Suits ◽  
And Training

The United States space program has been without a launch vehicle for human spaceflight since 2011. That was when the space shuttle Atlantis returned on its final flight. Since then, NASA has relied on the Russian Soyuz spacecraft to take its astronauts to the International Space Station. However, if all goes to plan this could soon change, as two private companies are working with NASA to launch the first astronauts into orbit. The companies, SpaceX and Boeing, are building crew capsules and rockets, designing space suits, and training astronauts to fly these new vehicles into space.

A Framework for Multinational Medical Support for the International Space Station: A Model for Exploration

2021 ◽  
Vol 92 (2) ◽  
pp. 129-134
Author(s):  
Charles R. Doarn ◽  
James D. Polk ◽  
Anatoli Grigoriev ◽  
Jean-Marc Comtois ◽  
Kazuhito Shimada ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
International Space Station ◽  
European Space Agency ◽  
Space Station ◽  
The United States ◽  
Medical System ◽  
Medical Support ◽  
International Space ◽  
Space Agency ◽  
Medical Certification

INTRODUCTION: In the 1990s, Canada, member states of the European Space Agency, Japan, the Russian Federation, and the United States entered into an international agreement Concerning Cooperation on the Civil International Space Station. Among the many unique infrastructure challenges, partners were to develop a comprehensive international medical system and related processes to enable crew medical certification and medical support for all phases of missions, in a framework to support a multilateral space program of unprecedented size, scope, and degree of integration. During the Shuttle/Mir Program, physicians and specialized experts from the United States and Russia studied prototype systems and developed and operated collaborative mechanisms. The 1998 NASA Memoranda of Understanding with each of the other four partners established the Multilateral Medial Policy Board, the Multilateral Space Medicine Board, and the Multilateral Medical Operations Panel as medical authority bodies to ensure International Space Station (ISS) crew health and performance. Since 1998, the medical system of the ISS Program has ensured health and excellent performance of the international crewsan essential prerequisite for the construction and operation of the ISSand prevented mission-impacting medical events and adverse health outcomes. As the ISS is completing its second decade of crewed operation, it is prudent to appraise its established medical framework for its utility moving forward in new space exploration initiatives. Not only the ISS Program participants, but other nations and space agencies as well, concomitant with commercial endeavors in human spaceflight, can benefit from this evidence for future human exploration programs.Doarn CR, Polk JD, Grigoriev A, Comtois J-M, Shimada K, Weerts G, Dervay JP, Taddeo TA, Sargsyan A. A framework for multinational medical support for the International Space Station: a model for exploration. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2021; 92(2):129134.

scholarly journals Shuttle diplomacy

2011 ◽  
Vol 133 (07) ◽  
pp. 46-53
Author(s):  
Burton Dicht
Keyword(s):  
International Space Station ◽  
Space Shuttle ◽  
Space Exploration ◽  
Space Station ◽  
Operating Costs ◽  
Space Program ◽  
International Space ◽  
New Vision ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The U.S

This article analyzes the decisions and technological challenges that drove the Space Shuttle’s development. The goal of the Shuttle program was to create a reusable vehicle that could reduce the cost of delivering humans and large payloads into space. Although the Shuttle was a remarkable flying machine, it never lived up to the goals of an airline-style operation with low operating costs. In January 2004, a year after the Columbia accident, President George W. Bush unveiled the “Vision for U.S. Space Exploration” to guide the U.S. space effort for the next two decades. A major component of the new vision, driven by the recommendations of the Columbia Accident Investigation Board, was to retire the Space Shuttle fleet as soon as the International Space Station assembly was completed. With cancellation of the Constellation program in 2010, the planned successor to the Shuttle, the U.S. space program is now in an era of uncertainty.

Forecasting Crew Anthropometry for Shuttle and Space Station

1988 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 35-39
Author(s):  
John Roebuck ◽  
Kim Smith ◽  
Louis Raggio
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Space Shuttle ◽  
Space Station ◽  
The United States ◽  
Body Dimensions ◽  
International Space ◽  
Emergency Rescue ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Actual Space ◽  
Year 2000

Habitation module and Crew Emergency Rescue Vehicle (CERV) designs for the International Space Station to be built by the United States are expected to accommodate a wide range of persons, according to body dimensions predicted for the year 2000. This prediction was aided by the opportunity, which arose in 1985, to check actual Space Shuttle male crew anthropometry, particularly stature, against predictions made circa 1973 and by recently acquired Japanese data. Revised hypotheses discussed herein have been accepted by an Anthropometry Working Group as the bases for developing anthropometry requirements that appear in the Man-Systems Integration Standard (NASA-STD-3000), published in 1987. Pleas are made for further research in civilian anthropometry and wider use of anthropometric forecasting.

Summary of Recent Research Accomplishment Onboard the International Space Station—Within the United States Orbital Segment

2011 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 311-343 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenol Jules ◽  
Eric Istasse ◽  
Hilde Stenuit ◽  
Keiji Murakami ◽  
Izumi Yoshizaki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
International Space Station ◽  
Space Station ◽  
The United States ◽  
International Space ◽  
Research Accomplishment

The International Space Station

2019 ◽  
pp. 79-95
Author(s):  
Chris Nie
Keyword(s):  
International Space Station ◽  
Outer Space ◽  
Space Station ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Moon ◽  
New Era ◽  
International Space ◽  
Space Race ◽  
Future Space ◽  
Technical Details

A new era of spaceflight dawned following the conclusion of the United States and Russian space race. This new era has been marked by the design, assembly, and operation of one of the greatest engineering feats mankind has accomplished, the International Space Station (ISS). The ISS is comprised of hundreds of thousands of kilograms of material built on the ground and transported to space for assembly. It houses an artificial atmosphere to sustain life in outer space and has been continually inhabited for over 15 years. This chapter describes the technical complexity of the ISS, the background of how it was assembled, its major systems, details of crew life onboard, commercial usage of the resource, and examples of mishaps that have occurred during the ISS's operation. The technical details of the ISS provide a glimpse into what future space stations that might orbit the Moon and Mars will resemble.

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