Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republics 7.6 (a) Location map of former republics, Russian regions and large 156 cities in the western half of the former USSR (b) Main economic features of the western two-thirds of the 157 former USSR 7.7 The population of the USSR on the eve of its break-up (a) Distribution of total population, 1990 162 (b) Distribution of Russians living outside the Russian 162 Republic, 1989 (c) Ratio of Russians and Ukrainians to total population 163 (Russia, Ukraine) or titular nationality in each oblast-level unit, 1989 7.8 Industrial output per capita in the former USSR in roubles per 164 head of total population in 1989 7.9 (a) Retail sales per inhabitant in Russia, 1991 166 (b) Doctors per thousand total population in Russia 167 7.10 Increases in radioactivity dose rates in Europe between 28 April 175 and 3 May 1986 consequent upon the Chernobyl reactor accident 7.11 Main concentration of emissions of pollutants in the Russian 176 Federation in 1989 7.12 Zhirinovsky’s aspirations in the West 177 7.13 The shrinking Aral Sea 179 8.1 Location of Japan in relation to the mainland of Asia 187 8.2 The Pacific Rim in relation to the Pacific Ocean 188

Sixteen Indigenous peoples/nations have been officially recognized by Taiwan’s government: Amis (Pangcah), Atayal, Paiwan, Bunun, Puyuma, Rukai, Tsou, Saisiyat, Yami (Tao), Thao, Kavalan, Truku, Sakizaya, Seediq, Kla'alua and Kanakanavu. Additionally, some ten nations of the plains Indigenous peoples (such as Siraya, and Makatao) are obtaining recognition for their lost Indigenous status since the work of Transitional Justice initiated by President Tsai Ing-wen. Unlike the later migrants who came from southeastern China, Taiwan’s Indigenous peoples belong to the larger Austronesian grouping of peoples who have spread across all of the Pacific Ocean, to Southeast Asia and across the Indian Ocean to Madagascar. According to official records, the Indigenous population of Taiwan is close to 560,000, constituting 2.24 per cent of the island’s total population.

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FIGURE 7.10 It depends which way the wind is blow. ng. Increases in radioactivity dose rates in Europe between 20 April and 3 May 1986 consequent upon the Chernobyl reactor accident

Geography of the World’s Major Regions ◽

10.4324/9780203429815-68 ◽

2003 ◽

pp. 274-274

Keyword(s):

Reactor Accident ◽

Dose Rates ◽

Chernobyl Reactor

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Radiological consequences and lessons of the Chernobyl NPP and «Fukushima-1» NPP radiation accidents

Radiatsionnaya Gygiena = Radiation Hygiene ◽

10.21514/1998-426x-2021-14-1-6-16 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (1) ◽

pp. 6-16

Author(s):

G. G. Onischenko ◽

A. Yu. Popova ◽

I. K. Romanovich

Keyword(s):

Russian Federation ◽

Large Scale ◽

Exposure Period ◽

The Pacific ◽

Emergency Workers ◽

Chernobyl Npp ◽

Order Of Magnitude ◽

Radiation Induced ◽

The Pacific Ocean ◽

Former Ussr

35 years have passed since the Chernobyl NPP accident, 10 years – since the «Fukushima-1» NPP accident. At the present time extensive activities on the remediation of the consequences of two major large-scale radiation disasters are performed in the Belorussia, Russian Federation, Ukraine, and Japan. Releases of radiologically significant radionuclides after the Chernobyl NPP accident correspond to 14 exaBecquerel – higher up to an order of magnitude compared to 3 emergence power units of the «Fukushima-1» NPP. The significantly lower release rate and deposition of 80% of the radionuclides released into the atmosphere on the surface of the Pacific Ocean lead to lower up to several orders of magnitude radioactive contamination of the Japanese territory compared to the territories of the former USSR and neighboring countries after the Chernobyl NPP accident. Collective dose to the public due to the Chernobyl NPP accident is higher up to several orders of magnitude compared to the dose to the Japanese population after the «Fukushima-1» accident. No statistically reliable long-term medical consequences are expected for all groups of the Japanese public, additionally exposed due to «Fukushima-1» accident. 134 emergency workers have developed acute radiation sickness due to the Chernobyl NPP accident. Emergency workers with doses higher than 150 mSv had increased radiation-induced morbidity with leukemia and solid cancers. Among the individuals, that were kids or adolescents in the exposure period after the Chernobyl NPP accident and residing on the territories of Belorussia, Ukraine and four most radioactively contaminated regions of the Russian Federation, morbidity with thyroid cancer is increase by a factor of 10 compared to the pre-accidental levels. The following lessons of the Chernobyl NPP and «Fukushima-1» NPP can be derived: faults in the NPP design and lack of response after the recognition of the faults; lack of timely full-scale prophylactic with iodine; unjustified resettlement of the residents of the radioactively contaminated territories several years after the accident.

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