Radiological consequences and lessons of the Chernobyl NPP and «Fukushima-1» NPP radiation accidents

35 years have passed since the Chernobyl NPP accident, 10 years – since the «Fukushima-1» NPP accident. At the present time extensive activities on the remediation of the consequences of two major large-scale radiation disasters are performed in the Belorussia, Russian Federation, Ukraine, and Japan. Releases of radiologically significant radionuclides after the Chernobyl NPP accident correspond to 14 exaBecquerel – higher up to an order of magnitude compared to 3 emergence power units of the «Fukushima-1» NPP. The significantly lower release rate and deposition of 80% of the radionuclides released into the atmosphere on the surface of the Pacific Ocean lead to lower up to several orders of magnitude radioactive contamination of the Japanese territory compared to the territories of the former USSR and neighboring countries after the Chernobyl NPP accident. Collective dose to the public due to the Chernobyl NPP accident is higher up to several orders of magnitude compared to the dose to the Japanese population after the «Fukushima-1» accident. No statistically reliable long-term medical consequences are expected for all groups of the Japanese public, additionally exposed due to «Fukushima-1» accident. 134 emergency workers have developed acute radiation sickness due to the Chernobyl NPP accident. Emergency workers with doses higher than 150 mSv had increased radiation-induced morbidity with leukemia and solid cancers. Among the individuals, that were kids or adolescents in the exposure period after the Chernobyl NPP accident and residing on the territories of Belorussia, Ukraine and four most radioactively contaminated regions of the Russian Federation, morbidity with thyroid cancer is increase by a factor of 10 compared to the pre-accidental levels. The following lessons of the Chernobyl NPP and «Fukushima-1» NPP can be derived: faults in the NPP design and lack of response after the recognition of the faults; lack of timely full-scale prophylactic with iodine; unjustified resettlement of the residents of the radioactively contaminated territories several years after the accident.

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Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republics 7.6 (a) Location map of former republics, Russian regions and large 156 cities in the western half of the former USSR (b) Main economic features of the western two-thirds of the 157 former USSR 7.7 The population of the USSR on the eve of its break-up (a) Distribution of total population, 1990 162 (b) Distribution of Russians living outside the Russian 162 Republic, 1989 (c) Ratio of Russians and Ukrainians to total population 163 (Russia, Ukraine) or titular nationality in each oblast-level unit, 1989 7.8 Industrial output per capita in the former USSR in roubles per 164 head of total population in 1989 7.9 (a) Retail sales per inhabitant in Russia, 1991 166 (b) Doctors per thousand total population in Russia 167 7.10 Increases in radioactivity dose rates in Europe between 28 April 175 and 3 May 1986 consequent upon the Chernobyl reactor accident 7.11 Main concentration of emissions of pollutants in the Russian 176 Federation in 1989 7.12 Zhirinovsky’s aspirations in the West 177 7.13 The shrinking Aral Sea 179 8.1 Location of Japan in relation to the mainland of Asia 187 8.2 The Pacific Rim in relation to the Pacific Ocean 188

Geography of the World’s Major Regions ◽

10.4324/9780203429815-169 ◽

2003 ◽

pp. 659-659

Keyword(s):

Total Population ◽

Aral Sea ◽

Reactor Accident ◽

Dose Rates ◽

The Pacific ◽

The Pacific Ocean ◽

Location Map ◽

Former Ussr ◽

Western Half ◽

Chernobyl Reactor

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CALCULATION OF THE MAGNETIZATION OF UPLIFTS FROM COMBINING TOPOGRAPHIC AND MAGNETIC SURVEYS

Geophysics ◽

10.1190/1.1439883 ◽

1967 ◽

Vol 32 (4) ◽

pp. 678-707 ◽

Cited By ~ 98

Author(s):

M. L. Richards ◽

V. Vacquier ◽

G. D. Van Voorhis

Keyword(s):

Pacific Ocean ◽

Horizontal Plane ◽

Large Scale ◽

Geomagnetic Latitude ◽

Pole Position ◽

Present Position ◽

Paleomagnetic Pole ◽

The Pacific ◽

Geomagnetic Pole ◽

The Pacific Ocean

The direction and magnitude of the magnetization of a uniformly magnetized structure can be computed by combining topographic and magnetic surveys. The previously reported method has been extended to include more than one structure, each possessing its particular magnetization. Also, the bottom of the structure need not be a horizontal plane but can be an arbitrary surface. The method was applied to 21 seamounts, one laccolith and two Aleutian volcanoes. Four of the seamounts were found to be reversely magnetized. The virtual paleomagnetic pole positions for 16 Pacific Ocean seamounts, representing three widely separated locations, are significantly different from the present geomagnetic pole position but near Mesozoic virtual pole positions from Australia. For two locations, radiometric age determinations give an average date for their formation in the Cretaceous. The apparent 30 degree shift in geomagnetic latitude of the seamounts is interpreted as the result of large scale movements of the Pacific Ocean floor or, alternatively, as the result of the paleomagnetic equator being north of its present position in the Pacific during the growth of the seamounts.

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An introductory overview to the concept of displaced terranes

Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences ◽

10.1139/e83-090 ◽

1983 ◽

Vol 20 (6) ◽

pp. 994-999 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Zvi Ben-Avraham ◽

Amos Nur

Keyword(s):

Large Scale ◽

Continental Margins ◽

Oceanic Plateaus ◽

Introductory Overview ◽

The Pacific ◽

History Of ◽

Accreted Terranes ◽

Pacific Margin ◽

The Pacific Ocean ◽

Oceanic Plates

On land much of the Pacific margin is composed of allochthonous terranes, which are of continental and noncontinental origins. In the oceans numerous oceanic rises, some of which are submerged continental fragments, are presently embedded in the oceanic plates. These oceanic rises are probably future accreted terranes. They thus represent one stage in the development of allochthonous terranes found in orogenic zones. Minerals found in these terranes were formed at locations that in the past could have been thousands of kilometres away. This is because some oceanic terranes were split into several parts that moved with their respective plates in different directions. Also, faulting at the continental margins caused large-scale concurrent and post-accretionary horizontal translations of hundreds of kilometres of the allochthonous terranes.Studying the allochthonous terranes may provide important information about the Paleozoic and early Mesozoic history of the Pacific Ocean, because most of the oceanic crust of this age has disappeared leaving only those allochthonous terranes that were once oceanic plateaus within this crust. Understanding the history of the Pacific basin plates and of the allochthonous terranes may lead to the discovery of minerals within the submerged oceanic plateaus.

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Comparison of the Far-Eastern Seas and North-West Pacific by integral characteristics of pelagic and benthic trawled macrofaun

Izvestiya TINRO ◽

10.26428/1606-9919-2014-178-58-67 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 178 (3) ◽

pp. 58-67

Author(s):

Igor V. Volvenko

Keyword(s):

Bering Sea ◽

Large Scale ◽

North West ◽

The Pacific ◽

Integral Characteristics ◽

The Pacific Ocean ◽

Far Eastern ◽

Far Eastern Seas ◽

The Bering Sea

The Bering Sea, Okhotsk Sea, Japan/East Sea and adjacent waters of the Pacific Ocean (mainly within EEZ of Russia) are compared by abundance of pelagic and benthic macrofauna, its species richness, evenness, diversity, and mean weight of animals using the data of long-term large-scale pelagic and bottom trawl surveys conducted by Pacific Fish. Res. Center (TINRO) in 1977-2010.

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Can seafloor voltage cables be used to study large-scale circulation? An investigation in the Pacific Ocean

Ocean Science ◽

10.5194/os-17-383-2021 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 17 (1) ◽

pp. 383-392

Author(s):

Jakub Velímský ◽

Neesha R. Schnepf ◽

Manoj C. Nair ◽

Natalie P. Thomas

Keyword(s):

Pacific Ocean ◽

Flow Velocity ◽

Ocean Circulation ◽

Large Scale ◽

Eastern Pacific ◽

Low Flow ◽

Large Scale Circulation ◽

Numerical Predictions ◽

The Pacific ◽

The Pacific Ocean

Abstract. Marine electromagnetic (EM) signals largely depend on three factors: flow velocity, Earth's main magnetic field, and seawater's electrical conductivity (which depends on the local temperature and salinity). Because of this, there has been recent interest in using marine EM signals to monitor and study ocean circulation. Our study utilizes voltage data from retired seafloor telecommunication cables in the Pacific Ocean to examine whether such cables could be used to monitor circulation velocity or transport on large oceanic scales. We process the cable data to isolate the seasonal and monthly variations and then evaluate the correlation between the processed data and numerical predictions of the electric field induced by an estimate of ocean circulation. We find that the correlation between cable voltage data and numerical predictions strongly depends on both the strength and coherence of the model velocities flowing across the cable, the local EM environment, as well as the length of the cable. The cable within the Kuroshio Current had good correlation between data and predictions, whereas two of the cables in the Eastern Pacific Gyre – a region with both low flow speeds and interfering velocity directions across the cable – did not have any clear correlation between data and predictions. Meanwhile, a third cable also located in the Eastern Pacific Gyre showed good correlation between data and predictions – although the cable is very long and the speeds were low, it was located in a region of coherent flow velocity across the cable. While much improvement is needed before utilizing seafloor voltage cables to study and monitor oceanic circulation across wide regions, we believe that with additional work, the answer to the question of whether or not seafloor voltage cables can be used to study large-scale circulation may eventually be yes.

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Two-year optical site characterization for the Pacific Ocean Neutrino Experiment (P-ONE) in the Cascadia Basin

The European Physical Journal C ◽

10.1140/epjc/s10052-021-09872-5 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 81 (12) ◽

Author(s):

Nicolai Bailly ◽

Jeannette Bedard ◽

Michael Böhmer ◽

Jeff Bosma ◽

Dirk Brussow ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Pacific Ocean ◽

Large Scale ◽

Neutrino Experiment ◽

Attenuation Length ◽

Mooring Lines ◽

Absorption Length ◽

Neutrino Telescopes ◽

The North ◽

The Pacific ◽

The Pacific Ocean

AbstractThe STRings for Absorption length in Water (STRAW) are the first in a series of pathfinders for the Pacific Ocean Neutrino Experiment (P-ONE), a future large-scale neutrino telescope in the north-eastern Pacific Ocean. STRAW consists of two $$150\,\mathrm {m}$$ 150 m long mooring lines instrumented with optical emitters and detectors. The pathfinder is designed to measure the attenuation length of the water and perform a long-term assessment of the optical background at the future P-ONE site. After 2 years of continuous operation, measurements from STRAW show an optical attenuation length of about 28 m at $$450\,\mathrm {nm}$$ 450 nm . Additionally, the data allow a study of the ambient undersea background. The overall optical environment reported here is comparable to other deep-water neutrino telescopes and qualifies the site for the deployment of P-ONE.

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A reconstruction of large-scale circulation in the Pacific Ocean north of 10°N

Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres ◽

10.1029/2000jc900108 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 106 (C2) ◽

pp. 2331-2344 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

M. I. Yaremchuk

Keyword(s):

Pacific Ocean ◽

Large Scale ◽

Large Scale Circulation ◽

The Pacific ◽

The Pacific Ocean

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Can seafloor voltage cables be used to study large scale transport? An investigation in the Pacific Ocean.

10.5194/egusphere-egu2020-72 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Neesha Schnepf ◽

Manoj Nair ◽

Jakub Velimsky ◽

Natalie Thomas

Keyword(s):

Pacific Ocean ◽

Ocean Circulation ◽

Large Scale ◽

Eastern Pacific ◽

Clear Correlation ◽

Numerical Predictions ◽

Main Challenge ◽

The Pacific ◽

The Pacific Ocean ◽

Oceanic Transport

Marine electromagnetic (EM) signals largely depend on three factors: oceanic transport (i.e., depth-integrated flow), the local main magnetic field, and the local seawater conductivity (which depends on the local temperature and salinity). Thus, there is interest in using seafloor telecommunication cables to isolate marine EM signals and study ocean processes because these cables measure voltage differences between their two ends. Data from such cables can provide information on the depth-integrated transport occurring in the water column above the cable. However, these time-varying data are a superposition of all EM fields present at the observatory, no matter what source or process created the field. The main challenge in using such submarine voltage cables to study ocean circulation is properly isolating its signal.&#160;Our study utilizes voltage data from retired seaoor telecommunication cables in the Pacific Ocean to examine whether such cables could be used to monitor transport on large-oceanic scales. We process the cable data to isolate the seasonal and monthly variations, and evaluate the correlation between the processed data and numerical predictions of the electric field induced by ocean circulation. We find that the correlation between cable voltage data and numerical predictions strongly depends on both the strength and coherence of the transport owing across the cable. The cable within the Kuroshio Current had the highest correlation between data and predictions, whereas two of the cables in the Eastern Pacific gyre (a region with both low transport values and interfering transport signals across the cable) did not have any clear correlation between data and predictions. Meanwhile, a third cable also located in the Eastern Pacific gyre did have correlation between data and predictions, because although the transport values were low, it was located in a region of coherent transport flow across the cable. While much improvement is needed before utilizing seafloor voltage cables to study and monitor oceanic transport across wide oceanic areas, we believe that the answer to our title's questions is yes: seafloor voltage cables can eventually be used to study large-scale transport.

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