A review of eyewitness identification in the United States: problems and policies

2020 ◽  
pp. 116-129
Author(s):  
Kim L. Krinsky
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Eyewitness Identification ◽  
The United States

Expert Psychological Testimony in the United States: A New Playing Field? 1This paper is based in part on material presented at greater length in , and .

1995 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven D. Penrod ◽  
Solomon M. Fulero ◽  
Brian L. Cutler
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Supreme Court ◽  
Expert Testimony ◽  
Eyewitness Identification ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Supreme Court Decision ◽  
The United States ◽  
Eyewitness Testimony ◽  
Playing Field ◽  
Psychological Testimony

This paper examines the legal and scientific aspects of expert psychological testimony in the United States and discusses the possible implications for such testimony of a recent decision by the United States Supreme Court. We consider expert testimony on eyewitness identification issues as an illustration of the reaction of the courts to, particularly, novel scientific evidence offered in adversarial settings. First, an historical perspective on the use of expert testimony is traced with particular attention to the criteria that state and federal courts have used in determining whether to admit expert testimony. We then examine the new Supreme Court decision and discuss its implications for the use of expert eyewitness testimony. We conclude by illustrating how eyewitness research and research on jury decisionmaking is likely to assume new importance in light of new expert evidence criteria.

scholarly journals Eyewitness Science and the Call for Double-Blind Lineup Administration

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dario N. Rodriguez ◽  
Melissa A. Berry
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Eyewitness Identification ◽  
The United States ◽  
Expectancy Effects ◽  
Social Scientists ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Identification Confidence ◽  
Lineup Procedures ◽  
Lineup Procedure ◽  
Procedural Recommendation

For several decades, social scientists have investigated variables that can influence the accuracy of eyewitnesses’ identifications. This research has been fruitful and led to many recommendations to improve lineup procedures. Arguably, the most crucial reform social scientists advocate is double-blind lineup administration: lineups should be administered by a person who does not know the identity of the suspect. In this paper, we briefly review the classic research on expectancy effects that underlies this procedural recommendation. Then, we discuss the eyewitness research, illustrating three routes by which lineup administrators’ expectations can bias eyewitness identification evidence: effects on eyewitnesses’ identification decisions, effects on eyewitnesses’ identification confidence, and effects on administrator records of the lineup procedure. Finally, we discuss the extent to which double-blind lineup administration has been adopted among police jurisdictions in the United States and address common concerns about implementing a double-blind standard.

Should We Be Partial to Partial Identification?

1995 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 373-385 ◽  
Author(s):  
MICHAEL R. LEIPPE ◽  
GARY L. WELLS
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Eyewitness Identification ◽  
The United States ◽  
Partial Identification ◽  
New Technique ◽  
Large Set ◽  
Research Programs ◽  
Criminal Suspects ◽  
False Imprisonment

Eyewitness identification of criminal suspects from lineups and photospreads is the largest single cause of false imprisonment in the United States. Research programs have outlined experimentally proven techniques to reduce the dangers. Levi and Jungman have proposed a radical technique in which eyewitnesses choose several people from a large set of photos based on their similarity to the culprit. They argue that this will help solve many problems, including the tendency for courts to overbelieve eyewitnesses. Some problems and prospects for this new technique are discussed.

The Geriatric Witness

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simha Ravven ◽  
Howard Zonana
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Eyewitness Identification ◽  
Expert Witness ◽  
Supreme Court Decision ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Case Law ◽  
The United States ◽  
Eyewitness Testimony ◽  
State Courts ◽  
Witness Testimony

Witness testimony of the elderly is a topic of growing importance in U.S. courts. Because the number and proportion of older persons in the United States is growing, it is likely that more elderly people will be called on to provide witness testimony. This chapter examines the types of challenges specific to the geriatric witness in the courtroom. It reviews the elements of competency to serve as a witness in federal and state courts; challenges facing elderly witnesses, including neurocognitive disorders and sensory impairments; and the literature on perceptions of credibility and the geriatric witness and the ability of individuals with dementia to testify meaningfully. Case law pertaining to protection of elderly witnesses, specifically Crawford v. Washington and United States v. Campbell, are discussed as they relate to the geriatric witness. The 2011 New Jersey Supreme Court decision of State v. Henderson is examined as well. This decision addresses the science of memory as it relates to eyewitness testimony. Henderson led to revisions of admission of eyewitness identification evidence and juror instructions. The elderly expert witness is also discussed.

Correlative microscopy in distrubuted (client/server) computing environments: tools for catalyzing the rapid dissemination of information about the cell biology of the human prostate

1995 ◽  
Vol 53 ◽  
pp. 682-683
Author(s):  
A. Hakam ◽  
J.T. Gau ◽  
M.L. Grove ◽  
B.A. Evans ◽  
M. Shuman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Cell Biology ◽  
Tissue Bank ◽  
The United States ◽  
Prostate Adenocarcinoma ◽  
Correlative Microscopy ◽  
Client Server ◽  
Critical Elements ◽  
Transplant Organ

Prostate adenocarcinoma is the most common malignant tumor of men in the United States and is the third leading cause of death in men. Despite attempts at early detection, there will be 244,000 new cases and 44,000 deaths from the disease in the United States in 1995. Therapeutic progress against this disease is hindered by an incomplete understanding of prostate epithelial cell biology, the availability of human tissues for in vitro experimentation, slow dissemination of information between prostate cancer research teams and the increasing pressure to “ stretch” research dollars at the same time staff reductions are occurring.To meet these challenges, we have used the correlative microscopy (CM) and client/server (C/S) computing to increase productivity while decreasing costs. Critical elements of our program are as follows:1) Establishing the Western Pennsylvania Genitourinary (GU) Tissue Bank which includes >100 prostates from patients with prostate adenocarcinoma as well as >20 normal prostates from transplant organ donors.

Digital image acquisition, processing, and analysis in a polymer microscopy laboratory

1994 ◽  
Vol 52 ◽  
pp. 454-455
Author(s):  
Vinod K. Berry ◽  
Xiao Zhang
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Image Analysis ◽  
Digital Image ◽  
Image Acquisition ◽  
Image Transmission ◽  
The United States ◽  
Quantitative Image Analysis ◽  
Quantitative Image

In recent years it became apparent that we needed to improve productivity and efficiency in the Microscopy Laboratories in GE Plastics. It was realized that digital image acquisition, archiving, processing, analysis, and transmission over a network would be the best way to achieve this goal. Also, the capabilities of quantitative image analysis, image transmission etc. available with this approach would help us to increase our efficiency. Although the advantages of digital image acquisition, processing, archiving, etc. have been described and are being practiced in many SEM, laboratories, they have not been generally applied in microscopy laboratories (TEM, Optical, SEM and others) and impact on increased productivity has not been yet exploited as well.In order to attain our objective we have acquired a SEMICAPS imaging workstation for each of the GE Plastic sites in the United States. We have integrated the workstation with the microscopes and their peripherals as shown in Figure 1.

Silence of the Land: On the Historical Irrelevance of Territory to Congressional Districting and Political Representation in the United States

2001 ◽  
Vol 15 (01) ◽  
pp. 53-87 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Rehfeld
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
House Of Representatives ◽  
Political Representation ◽  
The United States ◽  
Representative Government ◽  
Congressional District ◽  
Congressional Districts ◽  
Communities Of Interest

Every ten years, the United States “constructs” itself politically. On a decennial basis, U.S. Congressional districts are quite literally drawn, physically constructing political representation in the House of Representatives on the basis of where one lives. Why does the United States do it this way? What justifies domicile as the sole criteria of constituency construction? These are the questions raised in this article. Contrary to many contemporary understandings of representation at the founding, I argue that there were no principled reasons for using domicile as the method of organizing for political representation. Even in 1787, the Congressional district was expected to be far too large to map onto existing communities of interest. Instead, territory should be understood as forming a habit of mind for the founders, even while it was necessary to achieve other democratic aims of representative government.

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