Changing Roles: Trends in Women’s Employment and Gender Equality

2019 ◽  
pp. 364-382
Author(s):  
Anne Lise Ellingsæter
Keyword(s):  
Gender Equality ◽  
Women's Employment ◽  
Women’S Employment ◽  
Changing Roles ◽  
And Gender

scholarly journals Changing roles of religiosity and patriarchy in women's employment in different religions in Europe between 2004 and 2016

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ayse Guveli ◽  
Niels Spierings
Keyword(s):  
Gender Role ◽  
Religious Affiliation ◽  
Gender Role Attitudes ◽  
European Social Survey ◽  
Women's Employment ◽  
Women’S Employment ◽  
Changing Roles ◽  
Employment Gap ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Gender Traditionalism

Objective: This paper seeks to understand the changing roles of religiosity and gender attitudes in the employment of women in Europe between 2004 and 2016. Background: Religiosity and gender traditionalism are both considered to decrease the likelihood of women’s employment. This study argues that this relationship needs to be decoupled, as religiosity and gender traditionalism have different underlying mechanisms. Method: We analysed rounds 2 (2004), 4 (2008), 8 (2010), and 10 (2016) of the European Social Survey (ESS), which include, among other data, information on employment, religious affiliation, religiosity, and gender role attitudes in 16 countries (N=39,233). Results: We show that taking religiosity into account further increases the already increased likelihood of employment for Catholic, Protestant, and Jewish women compared to women with no religion. We also find, however, that religiosity decreases the employment gap between Muslim and Orthodox women on the one hand and secular women on the other. Including gender role attitudes in the model only marginally explains the employment gap. Conclusion: Our findings support the idea that the mechanisms that underlie the relationships religiosity and traditional gender role attitudes have with women's employment differ. Over time, the likelihood of employment increases for women of all religions, except for Muslim women, among whom it drops.

Frauenerwerbstätigkeit im Spannungsfeld von „Prekarisierung“ und „guter Arbeit“ – Geschlechterpolitische Erweiterungen / Women’s employment between the opposing poles of precarious work and job quality. Revisions from a gender equality perspective

Arbeit ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandra Scheele
Keyword(s):  
Gender Equality ◽  
Job Quality ◽  
Women's Employment ◽  
Women’S Employment ◽  
Precarious Work

AbstractDer Beschäftigungsanstieg in Deutschland in den letzten Jahren basiert zu einem großen Anteil auf der Basis von sog. atypischen Beschäftigungsverhältnissen, die häufig zugleich nur eine prekäre Erwerbsintegration ermöglichen. Insbesondere die Erwerbsmuster von Frauen weisen Brüche auf, die Ergebnis der geschlechtshierarchischen Arbeitsteilung sind. Ausgehend von einer knappen Skizze zurEntwicklungder Frauenerwerbstätigkeit und der geschlechtlichen Arbeitsteilung im Kontext der allgemeinen Zunahme atypischer Beschäftigung wirdargumentiert, dass der Prekarisierungsdiskurs hinsichtlich der Analyse von Arbeits- und Geschlechterverhältnissen nicht nur einige seitens der Geschlechterforschung kritisierte Leerstellen aufweist, sondern trotz seiner Erweiterung auf das „ganze Leben“ nur begrenzt Ansatzpunkte für eine geschlechterpolitisch erweiterte arbeits politische Agenda bietet. Viel versprechender - so die These - ist die Hinwendung zu einem normativen, „positiven“ Bezugspunkt für Arbeitspolitik und Arbeitsgestaltung, derausden politischen Initiativen zu „guter Arbeit“ entwickelt werden kann.

Economic Exchange or Gender Identities? Housework Division and Wives’ Economic Dependency in Different Contexts

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hadas Mandel ◽  
Amit Lazarus ◽  
Maayan Shaby
Keyword(s):  
Gender Gap ◽  
Gender Ideology ◽  
Women's Employment ◽  
Economic Exchange ◽  
Women’S Employment ◽  
Division Of Housework ◽  
Cross Country ◽  
Employment Rates ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract This paper explores cross-country variation in the relationship between division of housework and wives’ relative economic contribution. Using ISSP 2012 data from 19 countries, we examined the effect of two contextual factors: women’s employment rates, which we link to economic exchange theories; and gender ideology context, which we link to cultural theories. In line with economic-based theories, economic exchange between housework and paid work occurs in all countries—but only in households which follow normative gender roles. However, and consistent with the cultural-based theory of ‘doing gender’, wives undertake more housework than their spouses in all countries—even if they are the main or sole breadwinners. This universal gendered division of housework is significantly more salient in more conservative countries; as the context turns more conservative, the gender gap becomes more pronounced, and the relationship between paid and unpaid work further removed from the economic logic. In gender egalitarian societies, in contrast, women have more power in negotiating housework responsibilities in non-normative gender role households. In contrast to gender ideology, the cross-country variations in women’s employment did not follow the expectations that derive from the economic exchange theory.

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