Integration of Transylvania into Romania from the Perspective of Private Law (1918−1945)

In the following study, we present the legal history of Transylvania following the unification of this territory with Romania at the end of the First World War, and until the installation in Romania of the Soviet-type dictatorship. The heterogeneity of the Romanian legal system resulting from the country’s territorial gains is discussed as well as the various attempts at integrating Transylvanian law into the nascent legal order of Greater Romania. We also present the short interregnum in which Hungarian private law was again applied between 1940 and 1944. The Romanian legislator, facing the imperative necessity of creating a unified national legal order, had the choice of two paths: extend the already outdated laws of the Old Kingdom of Romania to the newly acquired territories or adopt new unitary laws. Both paths were taken depending on the field of law and the historical period concerned, as presented. Finally, the legislator opted for the extension of the laws of the Old Kingdom at the end of the Second World War, even in fields where better-quality norms were enacted during the reign of King Carol II but were never implemented.

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The Origins of the Second World War

The Review of Politics ◽

10.1017/s0034670500006434 ◽

1963 ◽

Vol 25 (4) ◽

pp. 497-508

Author(s):

Raymond J. Sontag

Keyword(s):

First World War ◽

Second World War ◽

World War ◽

The First World War ◽

History Of ◽

Alliance System ◽

Second World ◽

First World

Scholarly histories of the origins of the First World War began to appear within a few years of the close of hostilities. A dozen years later, the magisterial studies by Sidney B. Fay and Bernadotte E. Schmitt had appeared in this country, and comparable works had been completed by European scholars. It is now eighteen years since V E Day, but no studies comparable to Fay or Schmitt have appeared. In part this contrast is explained by the slowness with which the diplomatic papers concerning the years from 1919 to 1939 are being made available. Far more important, however, is the fact that scholars do not believe that a history of the origins of the Second World War can be written with substantial completeness from diplomatic records. In their studies of the years before 1914, Fay and Schmitt did consider subjects like nationalism and imperialism, but the thread that holds their story together is the history of negotiations between governments, and in particular the history of the European alliance system.

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A Comparison of the Economic Situation of Tyrol, Austria in Three Key Periods: 1908-1913, 1945-1950 and 2008-2013

Baltic Journal of European Studies ◽

10.1515/bjes-2015-0007 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

pp. 93-108

Author(s):

Dirk-Hinnerk Fischer

Keyword(s):

Cross Section ◽

First World War ◽

Second World War ◽

World War ◽

The First World War ◽

History Of ◽

Second Period ◽

Second World ◽

First World ◽

Exclusive Focus

AbstractThe development of a formerly poor state in a great European power to a rich state in a small European country is remarkable. But the interest of this article is mainly on the methodology which is based on the exclusive focus on three key periods in the history of the observed region. This methodology leads to a very specific understanding of development and economic growth. The periods chosen in this example are the five years before the First World War, as it was a period of development and growth that in the end led to the fundamental crisis in the 20th century. The second period consists of five years following the Second World War. This period was crucial, as many fundamental developments were laid in this time. The final period begins with another big economic crisis in 2008. The selection is based on three rationales. First, it allows a comparison of how the population deals with crisis. Second, it provides a cross-section of over hundred years, and third, the topicality of these years increase the relevance of the paper.

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Dowód osobisty wzór 1928 – koncepcja, realizacja i przemiany

Przegląd Archiwalno-Historyczny ◽

10.4467/2391-890xpah.18.011.14928 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 5 ◽

pp. 189-202

Author(s):

Marian Łomnicki

Keyword(s):

First World War ◽

Second World War ◽

World War ◽

Document Design ◽

National Identification ◽

The First World War ◽

History Of ◽

And Control ◽

Second World ◽

First World

W artykule omówiono historię wprowadzenia na ziemiach polskich w okresie po pierwszej wojnie światowej dokumentu poświadczającego tożsamość – dowodu osobistego. Szczegółowej analizie poddano formularz uchwalony rozporządzeniem Prezydenta Rzeczypospolitej z 16 marca 1928 r. O ewidencji i kontroli ruchu ludności, czyli ogólnokrajowemu jednolitemu dokumentowi tożsamości zwanemu potocznie dowodem osobistym wzór 28. W tekście omówiono różnice w formularzach występujące w poszczególnych regionach Polski w okresie międzywojennym, a także przykłady wykorzystania formularzy przez władze okupacyjne w okresie Design of the 1928 identification document - concept, execution and transformation The article presents the history of a national identification document in Poland in the period after the First World War. Special emphasis is put on the form adopted by the presidential resolution on March 16, 1928 On registration and control of the movement of people, that is, the single national identification document design no. 28. The text discusses differences between various forms in particular regions of Poland in the inter-war period, and provides the examples of how the forms were used by Nazi authorities during the Second World War and by the authorities after the Second World War.

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HISTORY OF ASTRONOMY UNDER THE AUSPICES OF THE IAU

Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union ◽

10.1017/s1743921316000752 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 11 (T29A) ◽

pp. 196-204

Author(s):

Rajesh Kochhar ◽

Xiaochun Sun ◽

Clive Ruggles ◽

Juan Antonio Belmonte Avilés ◽

Brenda Corbin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

First World War ◽

Second World War ◽

History Of Astronomy ◽

World War ◽

International Astronomical ◽

The First World War ◽

History Of ◽

Set Up ◽

Second World ◽

First World

International Astronomical Union was formed after the First World War although it became truly international only after the Second World War. Its Commission 41 on History of Astronomy (C41) was set up in 1948 and in a few years established itself as an active and influential unit. It has the distinction of being a joint Commission, the other partner being International Union of History and Philosophy of Science and Technology (IUHPS). Since IAU is an internationally respected body of professional astronomers, its support for history of astronomy enhances the credibility of the discipline in the eyes of scientists as well as science establishments of individual countries. C41 is committed to advancing objective and rigorous world history of astronomy taking into account all its aspects.

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Arutjun Marutjan, Как помнят Великую Отечественную в Армении: некоторые наблюдения / How the Great Patriotic War Is Remembered in Armenia: Some Observations

PLURAL. History, Culture, Society ◽

10.37710/plural.v4i2_5 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 4 (2) ◽

pp. 95-105

Keyword(s):

First World War ◽

Second World War ◽

World War ◽

The First World War ◽

Great Patriotic War ◽

Red Army ◽

History Of ◽

Second World ◽

First World

The article discusses a neglected aspect in the history of the Second World War and the role of Armenians and their motivation to fight against the Nazi Germany. The author suggests that the memory of the Genocide against the Armenians perpetratrated by Turkey in the First World War with connivence from Germany played an important role in the memory of Soviet Armenians enrolled in the Red Army. This is one of the explanations why the present day Republic of Armenia still maintains – from different reasons – the name The Great Patriotic War instead of Second World War, like Russia.

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The Slavic Question: «On the Riverbanks of the Russia» (Alexandr Trushnovich and Others)

Slovenica ◽

10.31168/2618-8562.2018.4.2.6 ◽

2018 ◽

pp. 138-153

Author(s):

Neža Zajc

Keyword(s):

First World War ◽

Second World War ◽

World War ◽

Biographical Information ◽

The First World War ◽

History Of ◽

The Creation ◽

Second World ◽

First World

The article describes the history of the creation, formation and perception of the idea of Slavdom in Russia (from A.S. Pushkin and F.I. Tyutchev and further on). The analysis was made on the basis of the biographical information (“Memoirs of the Kornilov’s Soldier”) of the Slovenian A.R. Trushnovich, who during the First World War (as a soldier of the Austro-Hungarian army) moved to the side of Russia, into the army of Kornilov. This act affected on his personal destiny (he became Orthodox, married a Russian, etc.) and on his worldview. However, after the Second World War, his attitude towards the fate of Russia changed. However, Trushnovich retained his fi rm faith and the most spiritually creative sources of the Orthodox thought, which was N. Berdyaev.

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Notstand und Sachverstand

Jahrbuch für Wirtschaftsgeschichte / Economic History Yearbook ◽

10.1515/jbwg-2021-0015 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 62 (2) ◽

pp. 405-442

Author(s):

Stefanie Middendorf

Keyword(s):

First World War ◽

Second World War ◽

International Level ◽

World War ◽

Short Period ◽

The First World War ◽

State Finance ◽

History Of ◽

Second World ◽

First World

Abstract In the aftermath of the First World War, the Weimar Republic found itself in financial disarray. Originally put forward by the antirepublican right, the idea of a forced loan emerged. The idea triggered harsh controversies regarding the shortfalls in the new state’s sovereignty and its lack of fiscal power within the framework of an international order. The conflicting images of the Weimar state effected the decisions finally taken. This article argues that a rhetoric of emergency was combined with notions of the expert as an apolitical figure in order to legitimize compulsory lending. Yet, contrary to contemporary perceptions, the Weimar forced loan was not a result of governmental impotence or an exceptional incident within the history of public finance. As a political tool, it helped to solve conflicts on the national as well as the international level, if only for a short period of time. As an instrument of state finance, it was not an act of failure to still fiscal needs the ‚normal way‘ but a conscious claim for the autonomy of the Weimar state. But the conviction that compulsory loans might be a legitimate element of fiscal politics under the auspices of a strong and well-informed state emerged only with the Second World War – in Germany as well as on an international level.

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Imperialism in Decline? Tendencies in British Imperial policy between the wars

The Historical Journal ◽

10.1017/s0018246x00024936 ◽

1980 ◽

Vol 23 (3) ◽

pp. 657-679 ◽

Cited By ~ 41

Author(s):

John Darwin

Keyword(s):

Second World War ◽

World War ◽

British Imperialism ◽

Self Confidence ◽

The First World War ◽

History Of ◽

Post War ◽

Separate Identity ◽

Second World ◽

First World

The inter-war years are a nomansland in the history of British decolonization. Conventional as it is to see the first World War as a great watershed in British imperial history, separating the era of strength and success from the age of decline and dissolution, it remains difficult to show conclusively that the disintegration of the imperial system had become inevitable before the second World War. Yet historians have felt instinctively that after 1918 much of the crude self-confidence had drained out of British imperialism. The age when Curzon could proclaim heroically that ‘efficiency of administration is in my view a synonym for the contentment of the governed’; when Cromer could lecture the khedive of Egypt like a schoolboy; or when Milner could set out to demolish everything that preserved a separate identity to the Afrikaners, appears in striking contrast to the post-war era when statesmen spoke the language of trusts and mandates, genuflected before the image of self-determination and claimed that self-government was the ultimate purpose of colonial rule. But for all the piety of its new principles, post-war imperial policy seemed strangely reluctant to liberate Britain's dependencies or hold out firm promises of independence; and the imperial government periodically repressed its recalcitrant subjects with a vigour and efficiency that would have impressed Lord Kitchener.

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Profile of Crisis: The Review of Politics, 1939–1963

The Review of Politics ◽

10.1017/s0034670500006380 ◽

1963 ◽

Vol 25 (4) ◽

pp. 419-430 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

M. A. Fitzsimons

Keyword(s):

First World War ◽

Second World War ◽

Historical Period ◽

World War ◽

The First World War ◽

Human Liberty ◽

The Right ◽

Second World ◽

Working Out ◽

First World

The first issue of The Review of Politics was published in 1939, the year of Hitler's attack on Poland. The new magazine, thus, appeared at the end of one historical period, the interwar years, and at the beginning of the new age initiated by the Second World War. The years, 1918–1939, were themselves years of the working out of the crisis of which the First World War was an issue. That war, inhuman in its demands and protracted shock effects, had finally been sustained by Utopian and revolutionary hopes. The continuing crisis, compounded by that war, had been intensified by the world depression as well as by the period's characteristic political responses to the crisis. Often enough, the center and part of the right preferred to believe that things had not changed and that there was no crisis. On the left, widely enchanted by the Soviet Union's cooperation with history, seen as the ruthless work of justice, there was an astonishing unconcern about human liberty and a blindness to suffering. The right, too, often surrendered itself to the fraudulent conservatism of fascism, to political salvation by violence. So, in 1939, war, notably global in scope, came again.

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A. J. P. Taylor and History

The Review of Politics ◽

10.1017/s0034670500005490 ◽

1964 ◽

Vol 26 (4) ◽

pp. 531-546

Author(s):

Edward B. Segel

Keyword(s):

First World War ◽

Second World War ◽

World War ◽

The First World War ◽

History Of ◽

Second World ◽

First World

A. J. P. Taylor's reputation among his fellow historians, like his writings, is marked by paradoxes and contradictions. There is respect for his learning, envy of his brilliance, admiration for his originality, and irritation, if not downright indignation, at his alleged vices. In private, his close friends assure you of his very great qualities as a historian, only to grumble at his absurdities as a showman. In public, his reviewers, even when they praise his scholarship, complain of the impossibility of seeing him as a wholeThere is something Shavian about A. J. P. Taylor and his place among academic historians: he is brilliant, erudite, witty, dogmatic, heretical, irritating, insufferable, and withal inescapable. He sometimes insults and always instructs his fellow-historians.…Almost ten years have passed since this comment was made, and Taylor is no less controversial now than before. Indeed, his two latest books, The Origins of the Second World War (1961) and the Illustrated History of the First World War (1963) have only increased his notoriety among his colleagues. As for this essay, the assumption behind it is that a historian as prolific and important as Taylor deserves a comprehensive and sober analysis, and that perhaps even his eccentricity and insufferableness can be instructive.

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