scholarly journals Unexplored diversity of microscopic myxomycetes: evidence from environmental DNA

2019 ◽  
Vol 152 (3) ◽  
pp. 499-506 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oleg N. Shchepin ◽  
Martin Schnittler ◽  
Nikki H.A. Dagamac ◽  
Dmitry V. Leontyev ◽  
Yuri K. Novozhilov
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
18S Rdna ◽  
Sequence Similarity ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Environmental Dna ◽  
Full Length ◽  
Detection Techniques ◽  
Rdna Sequences ◽  
18S Rdna Sequences ◽  
Environmental Sequences

Background and aims – Recent studies showed the position of two slime mould species with microscopic sporocarps, Echinosteliopsis oligospora and Echinostelium bisporum, within the class Myxomycetes. These minute species are seldom seen in studies based on detection of sporocarps and can easily be confused with protosteloid amoebozoans.Methods – We searched all published ePCR data sets that targeted myxomycete 18S rDNA for the presence of environmental sequences similar to E. oligospora and Echinosteliales in traditional circumscription, and performed phylogenetic analyses that included short environmental sequences and full-length 18S rDNA sequences representing all the major groups of myxomycetes.Key results – We report 19 unique sequences which are closely related to E. bisporum or E. oligospora based on sequence similarity (73.1–95.2% similarity) and which form well-supported monophyletic clades with these species in phylogenetic analyses. They may represent new species that are not yet described. Our phylogeny based on full-length 18S rDNA sequences further confirms the position of E. bisporum and E. oligospora within myxomycetes and the paraphyly of the order Echinosteliales in its traditional circumscription.Conclusions – Our results show that ePCR-based studies can reveal myxomycete taxa that often escape detection by traditional approaches, including potentially new species, and thus provide valuable new data on diversity and ecology of myxomycetes. As such, strategies for studying myxomycetes biodiversity should be revised, focusing also on molecular detection techniques in addition to the sporocarp-based ones.

Two new species and two new records of myxomycetes from subtropical forests in China

Phytotaxa ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 350 (1) ◽  
pp. 51 ◽  
Author(s):  
YANG GAO ◽  
SHU-ZHEN YAN ◽  
GAO-WEI WANG ◽  
SHUANG-LIN CHEN
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
New Records ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Diagnostic Feature ◽  
Subtropical Forests ◽  
Rdna Sequences ◽  
Two New Species ◽  
18S Rdna Sequences ◽  
First Time ◽  
Partial 18S

Two new myxomycetes from subtropical forests of China, Arcyria aeruginosa sp. nov. and Diderma subochraceum sp. nov., are described and illustrated. Arcyria aeruginosa occurred on rotten stem of bamboo and differs from all known species of the genus in having dense spines on inner surface of cups. The diagnostic feature of D. subochraceum is single-layered peridium which dehisces by longitudinal or stellate slit. Preliminary phylogenetic analyses based on partial 18S rDNA sequences support the establishment of the two new species. Additionally, Didymium saturnus H.W. Keller and Fuligo luteonitens L.G. Krieglst. & Nowotny are reported from China for the first time.

Molecular data implicate bryozoans as hosts for PKX (Phylum Myxozoa) and identify a clade of bryozoan parasites within the Myxozoa

Parasitology ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 119 (6) ◽  
pp. 555-561 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. L. ANDERSON ◽  
E. U. CANNING ◽  
B. OKAMURA
Keyword(s):  
18S Rdna ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Molecular Data ◽  
Salmonid Fish ◽  
Abnormal Immune Response ◽  
Rdna Sequences ◽  
Pectinatella Magnifica ◽  
18S Rdna Sequences ◽  
Cristatella Mucedo ◽  
Distinct Taxon

Proliferative kidney disease (PKD), a condition associated with high mortality in salmonid fish, represents an abnormal immune response to the presence of an enigmatic myxozoan, which has been designated simply as PKX organism because its generic and specific status are obscure. Phylogenetic analyses of partial sequences of the 18S rDNA of PKX and of myxozoan parasites infecting the bryozoans Cristatella mucedo, Pectinatella magnifica and Plumatella rugosa, including the previously named Tetracapsula bryozoides from C. mucedo, showed that these taxa represent a distinct clade that diverged early in the evolution of the Myxozoa before the radiation of the other known myxozoan genera. A common feature of the myxozoans in this clade may be the electron-dense sporoplasmosomes with a lucent bar-like structure, which occur in T. bryozoides and PKX but not in the myxozoans belonging to the established orders Bivalvulida and Multivalvulida. Variation of 0·5–1·1% was found among the PKX 18S rDNA sequences obtained from fish from North America and Europe. The 18S rDNA sequence for T. bryozoides showed that it is a distinct taxon, not closely related to PKX but some sequences from myxozoans infecting 2 of the bryozoan species were so similar to those of PKX as to be indistinguishable. Other sequences from the new myxozoans in bryozoans at first appeared distinct from PKX in a maximum likelihood tree but, when analysed further, were also found to be phylogenetically indistinguishable from PKX. We propose that at least some variants of these new myxozoans from bryozoans are able to infect and multiply in salmonid fish, in which they stimulate the immune reaction and cause PKD but are unable to form mature spores to complete their development.

Haemogregarines from western Palaearctic freshwater turtles (generaEmys, Mauremys) are conspecific withHaemogregarina stepanowiDanilewsky, 1885

Parasitology ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 141 (4) ◽  
pp. 522-530 ◽  
Author(s):  
NELA DVOŘÁKOVÁ ◽  
JANA KVIČEROVÁ ◽  
IVO PAPOUŠEK ◽  
HOSSEIN JAVANBAKHT ◽  
GHOULEM TIAR ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Host Specificity ◽  
18S Rdna ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Wide Distribution ◽  
Freshwater Turtles ◽  
Turtle Species ◽  
Rdna Sequences ◽  
Mauremys Leprosa ◽  
18S Rdna Sequences ◽  
Western Palaearctic

SUMMARYThe majority ofHaemogregarinaspecies have been based on the morphology of their erythrocytic stages and supposed strict host specificity. The quantity of species with a limited number of overlapping diagnostic traits has led to a considerable mess in haemogregarine taxonomy and significant synonymy. We analysed host specificity, intra- and interspecific variability, evolutionary relationships, and the distribution of the type species of the genusHaemogregarina–H. stepanowi.The morphology of blood stages and 18S rDNA sequences of this haemogregarine from four western Palaearctic hard-shelled freshwater turtles (Emys orbicularis, Mauremys caspica, Mauremys leprosaandMauremys rivulata) were compared withHaemogregarina balli. Additional sequences of 18S rDNA ofHaemogregarina-like isolates collected from three species of African hinged terrapins (genusPelusios) were used to enlarge the dataset for phylogenetic analyses. Thirteen sequences (1085 bp) ofHaemogregarinarepresenting all four western Palaearctic turtle species were identical, corresponding toH. stepanowi, which is closely related to the Nearctic speciesH. balli. In our analyses,Haemogregarinaspp. constituted a monophyletic clade sister to the genusHepatozoon. Haemogregarina stepanowipossesses a wide distribution range from the Maghreb, through Europe, Turkey and the Middle East to Iran. We consider that the genusHaemogregarinahas a low host specificity crossing the family level of its vertebrate hosts and that its distribution is likely to be linked to the vector and definitive host – the leech.

scholarly journals Hidden diversity of Ctenophora revealed by new mitochondrial COI primers and sequences

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lynne Christianson ◽  
Shannon Johnson ◽  
Darrin Schultz ◽  
Steven Haddock
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Mitochondrial Gene ◽  
Environmental Dna ◽  
Mitochondrial Coi ◽  
Rdna Sequences ◽  
Coi Barcoding ◽  
18S Rdna Sequences ◽  
Mitochondrial Sequences ◽  
Coi Sequences ◽  
Morphological Differences

[Definitive version of this article may be found here] The mitochondrial gene cytochrome-c-oxidase subunit 1 (COI) is useful in many taxa for phylogenetics, population genetics, metabarcoding, and rapid species identifications. However, the phylum Ctenophora (comb jellies) has historically been difficult to study due to divergent mitochondrial sequences and the corresponding inability to amplify COI with degenerate and standard COI ‘barcoding’ primers. As a result, there are very few COI sequences available for ctenophores, despite over 200 described species in the phylum. Here, we designed new primers and amplified the COI fragment from members of all major groups of ctenophores, including many undescribed species. Phylogenetic analyses of the resulting COI sequences revealed high diversity within many groups that was not evident from more conserved 18S rDNA sequences, in particular among the Lobata. The COI phylogenetic results also revealed unexpected community structure within the genus Bolinopsis, suggested new species within the genus Bathocyroe, and supported the ecological and morphological differences of some species such as Lampocteis cruentiventer and similar lobates (Lampocteis sp. ‘V’ stratified by depth, and ‘A’ differentiated by color). The newly described primers reported herein provide important tools to enable researchers to illuminate the diversity of ctenophores worldwide via quick molecular identifications, improve the ability to analyze environmental DNA by improving reference libraries and amplifications, and enable a new breadth of population genetic studies.

Rhabditis (Oscheius) colombiana n. sp. (Nematoda: Rhabditidae), a necromenic associate of the subterranean burrower bug Cyrtomenus bergi (Hemiptera: Cydnidae) from the Cauca Valley, Colombia

Nematology ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 363-373 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Patricia Stock ◽  
Ana Caicedo ◽  
Paul Calatayud
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
New Species ◽  
Life History Traits ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Molecular Data ◽  
Total Size ◽  
Morphometric Characters ◽  
Rdna Sequences ◽  
18S Rdna Sequences ◽  
Males And Females

AbstractRhabditis (Oscheius) colombiana n. sp. is described as a necromenic associate of the burrower bug Cyrtomenus bergi (Hemiptera: Cydnidae) collected in the Cauca Valley, Colombia. The new species resembles others of the insectivora-group, viz, Rhabditis (O.) insectivora Körner, 1954 and Rhabditis (O.) lucianii Maupas, 1919, in a number of morphological and life history traits, but can be separated by a combination of morphological and morphometric characters. The most distinctive morphological features that separate R. (O.) colombiana n. sp. from these two Rhabditis species are the total size of both males and females, which are much shorter and slimmer in the new species; the size of the male spicules and the values of ratios b and c. Additionally, molecular data (18S rDNA sequences) and phylogenetic analyses demonstrated the distinctiveness of this species when compared to a number of other Rhabditis (Oscheius) species.

Molecular genetic studies on morphologically indistinguishable Myxobolus spp. infecting cyprinid fishes, with the description of three new species, M. alvarezae sp. nov., M. sitjae sp. nov. and M. eirasianus sp. nov.

2012 ◽  
Vol 57 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gábor Cech ◽  
Kálmán Molnár ◽  
Csaba Székely
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
18S Rdna ◽  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Seasonal Development ◽  
Rdna Sequences ◽  
Two New Species ◽  
18S Rdna Sequences ◽  
Cyprinid Fishes ◽  
Leuciscus Idus ◽  
White Bream

AbstractWhile studying Myxobolus gill infections of cyprinid fishes, the authors found large, segmented plasmodia in three species: ide (Leuciscus idus), asp (Aspius aspius) and white bream (Blicca bjoerkna). As regards their size and morphology, the spores from these plasmodia corresponded to those of M. dujardini described from chub (Leuciscus cephalus). However, the 18S rDNA sequences of spores from the three cyprinids differed from those of M. dujardini. Based on molecular differences, this paper describes two new species: M. alvarezae sp. nov. from ide and asp, and M. sitjae sp. nov. from white bream. The two new species and M. dujardini had a similar tissue tropism, and infected the multilayered epithelium of the gill filaments. Histological examination of the infected filaments demonstrated that the large plasmodia with multiple buddings were formed from amalgamating small plasmodia. Besides carrying infection in the filamental epithelium, the three above fish species were infected by small intralamellar plasmodia as well. These plasmodia were filled by spores that resembled the roach parasite M. intimus both in morphology and seasonal development. The 18S rDNA sequences of ‘intimus-like’ spores from ide and asp differed only in some base pairs from spores found in the type host roach, and were identified as belonging to M. intimus. The spores found in white bream, however, showed 3.6-5.0% difference in DNA sequence from those of M. intimus; therefore, they have been described as M. eirasianus sp. nov. The aim of this paper was to demonstrate the importance of using molecular methods for separating and identifying morphologically corresponding or closely similar Myxobolus spp.

Morphology and Molecular Phylogeny of the Soil Ciliate Cyrtohymena seorakensis sp. n. (Ciliophora, Hypotricha, Oxytrichidae)

Zootaxa ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 4758 (3) ◽  
pp. 561-572
Author(s):  
ATEF OMAR ◽  
JAE-HO JUNG
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
New Species ◽  
Molecular Phylogeny ◽  
18S Rdna ◽  
Indian Population ◽  
Cortical Granules ◽  
Moss Sample ◽  
Rdna Sequences ◽  
18S Rdna Sequences ◽  
Soil Ciliate

The morphology and infraciliature of a new ciliate, Cyrtohymena seorakensis sp. n., discovered in a moss sample from South Korea, were investigated. The new species is distinguished from congeners by having rather fewer, randomly scattered, yellowish cortical granules, 23–30 adoral membranelles, invariably four transverse cirri in morphostatic specimens, and a total of 62 dorsal bristles on average. Phylogenetic analysis based on 18S rDNA sequences showed that the new species clusters with an Indian population of C. citrina. 

scholarly journals Hidden diversity of Ctenophora revealed by new mitochondrial COI primers and sequences

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lynne Christianson ◽  
Shannon Johnson ◽  
Darrin Schultz ◽  
Steven Haddock
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Mitochondrial Gene ◽  
Environmental Dna ◽  
Mitochondrial Coi ◽  
Rdna Sequences ◽  
Coi Barcoding ◽  
18S Rdna Sequences ◽  
Mitochondrial Sequences ◽  
Coi Sequences ◽  
Morphological Differences

The mitochondrial gene cytochrome-c-oxidase subunit 1 (COI) is useful in many taxa for phylogenetics, population genetics, metabarcoding, and rapid species identifications. However, the phylum Ctenophora (comb jellies) has historically been difficult to study due to divergent mitochondrial sequences and the corresponding inability to amplify COI with degenerate and standard COI ‘barcoding’ primers. As a result, there are very few COI sequences available for ctenophores, despite over 200 described species in the phylum. Here, we designed new primers and amplified the COI fragment from members of all major groups of ctenophores, including many undescribed species. Phylogenetic analyses of the resulting COI sequences revealed high diversity within many groups that was not evident from more conserved 18S rDNA sequences, in particular among the Lobata. The COI phylogenetic results also revealed unexpected community structure within the genus Bolinopsis, suggested new species within the genus Bathocyroe, and supported the ecological and morphological differences of some species such as Lampocteis cruentiventer and similar lobates (Lampocteis sp. ‘V’ stratified by depth, and ‘A’ differentiated by color). The newly described primers reported herein provide important tools to enable researchers to illuminate the diversity of ctenophores worldwide via quick molecular identifications, improve the ability to analyze environmental DNA by improving reference libraries and amplifications, and enable a new breadth of population genetic studies.

scholarly journals Molecular phylogenetic analyses of tissue coccidia (sarcocystidae; apicomplexa) based on nuclear 18s RDNA and mitochondrial COI sequences confirms the paraphyly of the genus Hammondia

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
Author(s):  
MOSUN E. OGEDENGBE ◽  
JOSEPH D. OGEDENGBE ◽  
JULIA C. WHALE ◽  
KRISTIN ELLIOT ◽  
MARCO A. JUÁREZ-ESTRADA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
18S Rdna ◽  
Neospora Caninum ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Mitochondrial Coi ◽  
Rdna Sequences ◽  
Molecular Phylogenetic ◽  
18S Rdna Sequences ◽  
Phylogenetic Hypotheses ◽  
Coi Sequences ◽  
Sarcocystis Rileyi

SUMMARYPartial mitochondrial cytochromecoxidase subunit I (mt COI) sequences were generated from:Toxoplasma gondii(strains CTG, GTI, MAS, ME49, PTG, TgCatBr5, TgCat, Br64, TgCgCal, TgToucan);Neospora caninum(Strain NC1);Hammondia hammondi(Strain H.H–20);H. heydorni; H. cf.triffittae; Cystoisospora felis; C. suis; C. canis; C. rivolta; C. cf.ohioensis; Caryospora bigenetica; Sarcocystis rileyi; andS. neurona. Nuclear 18S rDNA sequences were generated forH. heydorni, H. hammondi, C. suis, C. canis, C. felis, C. rivolta, C. cf.ohioensis, S. neurona, andS. rileyi. Aligned, concatenated 18S rDNA and COI sequences were Bayesian analysed using partitioned nucleotide substitution models [HKY + I + G for 18S; GTR + I + G codon (code = metmt) for COI]. Phylogenetic hypotheses supported a monophyletic Sarcocystidae and its subfamilie with two major clades within the Toxoplasmatinae: (1) a monophyletic clade ofCystoisosporaspp. withNephroisospora eptesici; and (2) a clade ofToxoplasma, NeosporaandHammondia. Within the latter,Hammondiawas shown to be paraphyletic;H. heydorniandH. triffittaewere monophyletic withN. caninum[canine definitive hosts (DHs)], whereasH. hammondiwas monophyletic withT. gondii(feline DHs). A new genus is erected to resolve the paraphyly of the genusHammondiaconfirmed using mt COI and combined 18S/COI sequence datasets.

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