Introduction

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott Pacey
Keyword(s):  
Historical Context ◽  
Postwar Period ◽  
Modern Chinese

The introduction outlines the study’s historical context and main questions. Beginning with a discussion of a 1981 conference on Buddhism and politics, it asks why elite Buddhist figures, in the decade after Chiang Kai-shek’s death, aligned KMT ideology with Buddhism—especially when the two figureheads of the party, Sun Yat-sen and Chiang Kai-shek, were both Christians. Stepping back, and having outlined a phase of Christian growth in the early postwar era, it then describes the party’s modern Chinese cultural vision and values, which it promoted in the postwar period and which elite Buddhists aspired to in their competition with Christians for adherents. It then outlines the focus of the study: how Buddhists defined themselves as patriotic, “Chinese” and “modern”, in contrast to Christians, as a way of generating socio-political acceptability.

scholarly journals An Unforgettable Ordeal: Chinese ‘Comfort Women’ in World War II

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuting Xie ◽  
Emily Kraeck
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Women Survivors ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Government Support ◽  
Postwar Period ◽  
Comfort Women ◽  
World War ◽  
International Support ◽  
Shame Culture ◽  
Redress Movement

Using methods including analyzing firsthand testimonies, images, and secondary sources, this paper explores the multiple factors that resulted in the silence of Chinese comfort women survivors in both wartime and the postwar period: shame culture, patrichy, and lack of political and cultural support for comfort women. Due to both patriarchy and related shame culture and a lack of political, cultural, and international support for survivors, few Chinese women spoke up about their experience within the comfort women system prior to the redress movement beginning in 1991; in the 1990s, societal and government support for comfort women increased, leading many comfort women to not only share their experiences but seek justice in the process. To begin, this paper provides an overview of essential historical context, including Japanese colonialism, the establishment of “comfort women” systems, Chinese comfort womens’ suffering, and the post-war struggles and ongoing plight of victims and survivors. Next, this paper argues that due to shame, culture and patriarchy; the lack of political, cultural, and international support for comfort women; and the mental and physical trauma that they experienced, comfort women survivors refused to speak up or seek justice for decades during and after World War II. Finally, this paper investigates key differences between the Cultural Revolution and redress movement, analyzing why comfort women spoke out during the latter period but largely remained silent during the postwar period from 1945 to 1990. 

Why Is Japan’s Housing Vacancy Rate So High? A History of Postwar Housing Policy

2019 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-77
Author(s):  
Beibei ZHANG
Keyword(s):  
Land Use Planning ◽  
Social Economic ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Postwar Period ◽  
Housing Crisis ◽  
Historical Materials ◽  
History Of ◽  
Vacant Housing ◽  
The Empirical Analysis ◽  
Housing Vacancy

Abstract This article provides an explanation for Japan’s current vacant housing crisis. While existing explanations usually ascribe the crisis to demographic factors or individual governmental policies, this article seeks to transcend those explanations by situating the vacant housing phenomenon within a broader social, economic, and historical context. Drawing on historical materials, the empirical analysis deciphers how the state has subordinated housing development to the overarching objective of economic growth through the manipulation of housing finance policies and land use planning regulations during the postwar period. The article argues that today’s vacant housing crisis is the result of the state’s pro-growth housing policies throughout the postwar period.

Conclusion

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Justin R. Ritzinger
Keyword(s):  
Historical Context ◽  
Reform Movement ◽  
Religious Movements ◽  
Chinese Buddhism ◽  
Alternative Modernities ◽  
Modern Chinese

The conclusion summarizes the monograph’s findings, retracing the reimagining of the cult of Maitreya, its origins in Taixu’s encounter with anarchism, and its decline and subsequent revival. It then offers thoughts on the significance of these findings for scholarship. It is hoped that the monograph puts to rest the notion that the reform movement was demythologized and deritualized; contributes to the project of placing modern Chinese Buddhism more firmly in historical context, particularly in relation to other religious movements; highlights the need to reappraise Buddhism in post-retrocession Taiwan; and illustrates the potential of a Taylorian approach to the study of alternative modernities and the role of religions in their formation.

The Evolution of Nonintervention

2020 ◽  
pp. 18-38
Author(s):  
Michael Poznansky
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
International Law ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Great Powers ◽  
Responsibility To Protect ◽  
Postwar Period ◽  
The Future ◽  
Treaty Law

This chapter traces the evolution of the nonintervention principle from its inception in the mid-eighteenth century to its codification in international law two centuries later. Before nonintervention was formally codified, great powers largely ignored the wishes of international lawyers, philosophers, and smaller states by regularly pursuing overt intervention. Although foreign interference continued after nonintervention became treaty law in the mid-twentieth century, states were more likely to relegate such acts to the covert sphere despite the fact that doing so decreased their chances of success. Overt intervention became the exception. Understanding these dynamics provides historical context for the remaining chapters, helps justify the book’s focus on the postwar period, and offers a basis for examining how changes to the rules governing intervention such as the rise of the Responsibility to Protect doctrine may influence how states intervene abroad in the future.

Psychology as a Profession and a Science

2011 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 111-117 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ype H. Poortinga ◽  
Ingrid Lunt
Keyword(s):  
European Association ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Professional Psychologists

The European Association of Psychologists’ Associations (EFPA) was created in 1981 as the European Association of Professional Psychologists’ Associations (EFPPA). We show that Shakespeare’s dictum “What’s in a name?” does not apply here and that the loss of the “first P” (the adjectival “professional”) was resisted for almost two decades and experienced by many as a serious loss. We recount some of the deliberations preceding the change and place these in a broader historical context by drawing parallels with similar developments elsewhere. Much of the argument will refer to an underlying controversy between psychology as a science and the practice of psychology, a controversy that is stronger than in most other sciences, but nevertheless needs to be resolved.

Historical Context for Psychology, Moral Context for Historians

1997 ◽  
Vol 42 (11) ◽  
pp. 990-991
Author(s):  
Isaac Prilleltensky
Keyword(s):  
Historical Context ◽  
Moral Context
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