scholarly journals Trends in eastern China agricultural fire emissions derived from a combination of geostationary (Himawari) and polar (VIIRS) orbiter fire radiative power products

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (17) ◽  
pp. 10687-10705
Author(s):  
Tianran Zhang ◽  
Mark C. de Jong ◽  
Martin J. Wooster ◽  
Weidong Xu ◽  
Lili Wang
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Air Quality ◽  
Crop Residue ◽  
Eastern China ◽  
Fire Emissions ◽  
Crop Residue Burning ◽  
Radiative Power ◽  
Agricultural Burning ◽  
Emissions Inventories ◽  
Fire Radiative Power

Abstract. Open burning of agricultural crop residues is widespread across eastern China, and during certain post-harvest periods this activity is believed to significantly influence air quality. However, the exact contribution of crop residue burning to major air quality exceedances and air quality episodes has proven difficult to quantify. Whilst highly successful in many regions, in areas dominated by agricultural burning, MODIS-based (MODIS: Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) fire emissions inventories such as the Global Fire Assimilation System (GFAS) and Global Fire Emissions Database (GFED) are suspected of significantly underestimating the magnitude of biomass burning emissions due to the typically very small, but highly numerous, fires involved that are quite easily missed by coarser-spatial-resolution remote sensing observations. To address this issue, we use twice-daily fire radiative power (FRP) observations from the “small-fire-optimised” VIIRS-IM FRP product and combine them with fire diurnal cycle information taken from the geostationary Himawari-8 satellite. Using this we generate a unique high-spatio-temporal-resolution agricultural burning inventory for eastern China for the years 2012–2015, designed to fully take into account small fires well below the MODIS burned area or active fire detection limit, focusing on dry matter burned (DMB) and emissions of CO2, CO, PM2.5, and black carbon. We calculate DMB totals 100 % to 400 % higher than reported by the GFAS and GFED4.1s, and we quantify interesting spatial and temporal patterns previously un-noted. Wheat residue burning, primarily occurring in May–June, is responsible for more than half of the annual crop residue burning emissions of all species, whilst a secondary peak in autumn (September–October) is associated with rice and corn residue burning. We further identify a new winter (November–December) burning season, hypothesised to be caused by delays in burning driven by the stronger implementation of residue burning bans during the autumn post-harvest season. Whilst our emissions estimates are far higher than those of other satellite-based emissions inventories for the region, they are lower than estimates made using traditional “crop-yield-based approaches” (CYBAs) by a factor of between 2 and 5. We believe that this is at least in part caused by outdated and overly high burning ratios being used in the CYBA, leading to the overestimation of DMB. Therefore, we conclude that satellite remote sensing approaches which adequately detect the presence of agricultural fires are a far better approach to agricultural fire emission estimation.

scholarly journals New eastern China agricultural burning fire emission inventory and trends analysis from combined geostationary (Himawari-8) and polar-orbiting (VIIRS-IM) fire radiative power products

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tianran Zhang ◽  
Mark C. de Jong ◽  
Martin J. Wooster ◽  
Weidong Xu ◽  
Lili Wang
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Air Quality ◽  
Crop Residue ◽  
Eastern China ◽  
Post Harvest ◽  
Crop Residue Burning ◽  
Radiative Power ◽  
Agricultural Burning ◽  
Emissions Inventories ◽  
Fire Radiative Power

Abstract. Open burning of agricultural crop residues is widespread across eastern China, and during certain post-harvest periods this activity is believed to significantly influence air quality. However, the exact contribution of crop residue burning to major air quality exceedances and air quality episodes has proven difficult to quantify. Whilst highly successful in many regions, in areas dominated by agricultural burning MODIS-based fire emissions inventories such as GFAS and GFED are suspected of significantly underestimating the magnitude of biomass burning emissions due to the typically very small, but highly numerous, fires involved that are quite easily missed by coarser spatial resolution remote sensing observations. To address this issue, we here use twice daily fire radiative power (FRP) observations from the ‘small fire optimised’ VIIRS-IM FRP product, and combine it with fire diurnal cycle information taken from the geostationary Himawari-8 satellite. Using this we generate a unique high spatio-temporal resolution agricultural burning inventory for eastern China for the years 2012–2015, designed to fully take into account small fires well below the MODIS burned area or active fire detection limit, focusing on dry matter burned (DMB) and emissions of CO2, CO, PM2.5 and black carbon. We calculate DMB totals 100 to 400 % higher than reported by GFAS and GFED4.1s, and quantify interesting spatial and temporal patterns previously un-noted. Wheat residue burning, primarily occurring in May–June, is responsible for more than half of the annual crop residue burning emissions of all species, whilst a secondary peak in autumn (Sept–Oct) is associated with rice and corn residue burning. We further identify a new winter (Nov–Dec) burning season, hypothesised to be caused by delays in burning driven by the stronger implementation of residue burning bans during the autumn post-harvest season. Whilst our emissions estimates are far higher than those of other satellite-based emissions inventories for the region, they are lower than estimates made using traditional ‘crop yield-based approaches’ (CYBA) by a factor of between 2 and 5 x. We believe that this is at least in part caused by outdated and overly high burning ratios being used in the CYBA approach, leading to the overestimation of DMB. Therefore we conclude that that satellite remote sensing approaches which adequately detect the presence of agricultural fires are a far better approach to agricultural fire emission estimation.

scholarly journals Top-Down Estimation of Particulate Matter Emissions from Extreme Tropical Peatland Fires Using Geostationary Satellite Fire Radiative Power Observations

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (24) ◽  
pp. 7075
Author(s):  
Daniel Fisher ◽  
Martin J. Wooster ◽  
Weidong Xu ◽  
Gareth Thomas ◽  
Puji Lestari
Keyword(s):  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Air Quality ◽  
El Niño ◽  
El Nino ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Fire Emissions ◽  
Se Asia ◽  
Particulate Matter Emissions ◽  
Radiative Power ◽  
Fire Radiative Power

Extreme fires in the peatlands of South East (SE) Asia are arguably the world’s greatest biomass burning events, resulting in some of the worst ambient air pollution ever recorded (PM10 > 3000 µg·m−3). The worst of these fires coincide with El Niño related droughts, and include huge areas of smouldering combustion that can persist for months. However, areas of flaming surface vegetation combustion atop peat are also seen, and we show that the largest of these latter fires appear to be the most radiant and intensely smoke-emitting areas of combustion present in such extreme fire episodes. Fire emissions inventories and early warning of the air quality impacts of landscape fire are increasingly based on the fire radiative power (FRP) approach to fire emissions estimation, including for these SE Asia peatland fires. “Top-down” methods estimate total particulate matter emissions directly from FRP observations using so-called “smoke emission coefficients” [Ce; g·MJ−1], but currently no discrimination is made between fire types during such calculations. We show that for a subset of some of the most thermally radiant peatland fires seen during the 2015 El Niño, the most appropriate Ce is around a factor of three lower than currently assumed (~16.8 ± 1.6 g·MJ−1 vs. 52.4 g·MJ−1). Analysis indicates that this difference stems from these highly radiant fires containing areas of substantial flaming combustion, which changes the amount of particulate matter emitted per unit of observable fire radiative heat release in comparison to more smouldering dominated events. We also show that even a single one of these most radiant fires is responsible for almost 10% of the overall particulate matter released during the 2015 fire event, highlighting the importance of this fire type to overall emission totals. Discriminating these different fires types in ways demonstrated herein should thus ultimately improve the accuracy of SE Asian fire emissions estimates derived using the FRP approach, and the air quality modelling which they support.

scholarly journals A high-resolution inventory of air pollutant emissions from crop residue burning in China

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaohui Zhang ◽  
Yan Lu ◽  
Qin'geng Wang ◽  
Xin Qian
Keyword(s):  
Air Quality ◽  
Air Pollutants ◽  
Crop Residue ◽  
Eastern China ◽  
Temporal Variations ◽  
Air Pollutant ◽  
Central China ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Activity Data ◽  
Crop Residue Burning

Abstract. Crop residue burning is an important source of air pollutants and strongly affects the regional air quality and global climate change. This study presents a detailed emission inventory of major air pollutants from crop residue burning for the year of 2014 in China. Activity data were investigated for 296 prefecture-level cities, and emissions were firstly estimated for each city and then redistributed using 1-km resolution land use data. Temporal variation was determined according to the farming practice in different regions. The MODIS fire product was applied to verify the spatial and temporal variations of the inventory. Results indicates that the total emissions of BC, OC, PM2.5, PM10, SO2, NOX, NH3, CH4, NMVOC, CO and CO2 from crop residue burning (including open and household fuel burnings) were estimated to be 0.16, 0.82, 2.30, 2.66, 0.09, 0.70, 0.14, 0.81, 1.70, 13.70 and 309.04 Tg, respectively. Rice, wheat and corn were the three major contributors, but their relative contributions varied with region and season. High emissions were generally located in the eastern China, central China and northeastern China, and temporally peaking in June and October relating with harvesting time. The spatially and temporal distributions agree well with the fire pixel counts from MODIS. Uncertainties were estimated using the Monte Carlo method. This study provides a useful basis for air quality modeling and the policy making of pollution control strategies.

scholarly journals Impact of crop residue burning in Haryana on the air quality of Delhi, India

Heliyon ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
pp. e06973
Author(s):  
Pallavi Saxena ◽  
Saurabh Sonwani ◽  
Ananya Srivastava ◽  
Madhavi Jain ◽  
Anju Srivastava ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Quality ◽  
Crop Residue ◽  
Crop Residue Burning

scholarly journals Combining fire radiative power observations with the fire weather index improves the estimation of fire emissions

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesca Di Giuseppe ◽  
Samuel Rémy ◽  
Florian Pappenberger ◽  
Fredrik Wetterhall
Keyword(s):  
Biomass Burning ◽  
Atmospheric Composition ◽  
Composition Analysis ◽  
Fire Weather ◽  
Atmospheric Conditions ◽  
Weather Index ◽  
Fire Weather Index ◽  
Fire Emissions ◽  
Radiative Power ◽  
Fire Radiative Power

Abstract. The atmospheric composition analysis and forecast for the European Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Services (CAMS) relies on biomass burning fire emission estimates from the Global Fire Assimilation System (GFAS). GFAS converts fire radiative power (FRP) observations from MODIS satellites into smoke constituents. Missing observations are filled in using persistence where observed FRP from the previous day are progressed in time until a new observation is recorded. One of the consequences of this assumption is an overestimation of fire duration, which in turn translates into an overestimation of emissions from fires. In this study persistence is replaced by modelled predictions using the Canadian Fire Weather Index (FWI), which describes how atmospheric conditions affect the vegetation moisture content and ultimately fire duration. The skill in predicting emissions from biomass burning is improved with the new technique, which indicates that using an FWI-based model to infer emissions from FRP is better than persistence when observations are not available.

How Much Does Large-Scale Crop Residue Burning Affect the Air Quality in Delhi?

2020 ◽  
Vol 54 (8) ◽  
pp. 4790-4799 ◽  
Author(s):  
Santosh H. Kulkarni ◽  
Sachin D. Ghude ◽  
Chinmay Jena ◽  
Rama K. Karumuri ◽  
Baerbel Sinha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Quality ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Crop Residue ◽  
Crop Residue Burning

scholarly journals Estimation of Direct Fire Emissions from Forests Burning in Siberia

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 12
Author(s):  
Evgenii I. Ponomarev
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Emissions ◽  
Summer Period ◽  
Central Siberia ◽  
Fire Emissions ◽  
Emission Estimate ◽  
Radiative Power ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
Siberian Forests ◽  
Fire Radiative Power

Using a database on wildfires recorded by remote sensing for 1996–2020, we assessed the seasonal variation of direct carbon emissions from the burning in Siberian forests. We have implemented an approach that takes into account the combustion parameters and the changing intensity of the fire (in terms of Fire Radiative Power (FRP)), which affects the accuracy of the emission estimate. For the last two decades, the range of direct carbon emissions from wildfires was 20–250 Тg С per year. Sporadic maxima were fixed in 2003 (>150 Тg С/year), in 2012 (>220 Тg С/year), and in 2019 (>190 Тg С/year). Preliminary estimation of emissions for 2020 (on 30th of September) was ~180 Tg С/year. Fires in the larch forests of the flat-mountainous taiga region (Central Siberia) made the greatest contribution (>50%) to the budget of direct fire emission, affecting the quality of the atmosphere in vast territories during the summer period. According to the temperature rising and forest burning trend in Siberia, the fire emissions of carbon may double (220 Тg С/year) or even increase by an order of magnitude (>2000 Тg С/year) at the end of the 21st century, which was evaluated depending on IPCC scenario.

Crop Residue Burning: A Threat to South Asian Air Quality

Eos ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 95 (37) ◽  
pp. 333-334 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ramesh P. Singh ◽  
Dimitris G. Kaskaoutis
Keyword(s):  
Air Quality ◽  
South Asian ◽  
Crop Residue ◽  
Crop Residue Burning
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