scholarly journals Supplementary material to "Analysis of particulate emissions from tropical biomass burning using a global aerosol model and long-term surface observations"

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. L. Reddington ◽  
D. V. Spracklen ◽  
P. Artaxo ◽  
D. Ridley ◽  
L. V. Rizzo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biomass Burning ◽  
Particulate Emissions ◽  
Aerosol Model ◽  
Supplementary Material ◽  
Surface Observations

scholarly journals Analysis of particulate emissions from tropical biomass burning using a global aerosol model and long-term surface observations

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. L. Reddington ◽  
D. V. Spracklen ◽  
P. Artaxo ◽  
D. Ridley ◽  
L. V. Rizzo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Southeast Asia ◽  
Biomass Burning ◽  
Seasonal Variability ◽  
Scaling Factor ◽  
Particulate Emissions ◽  
Independent Evidence ◽  
Tropical Regions ◽  
Aerosol Model

Abstract. We use the GLOMAP global aerosol model evaluated against observations of surface particulate matter (PM2.5) and aerosol optical depth (AOD) to better understand the impacts of biomass burning on tropical aerosol. To explore the uncertainty in emissions we use three satellite-derived fire emission datasets (GFED3, GFAS1 and FINN1) in the model, in which tropical fires account for 66–84 % of global particulate emissions from fire. The model underestimates PM2.5 concentrations where observations are available over South America and AOD over South America, Africa and Southeast Asia. Underestimation of AOD over tropical regions impacted by biomass burning is consistent with previous studies. Where coincident observations of surface PM2.5 and AOD are available we find a greater model underestimation of AOD than PM2.5 Increasing particulate emissions to improve simulation of AOD can therefore lead to overestimation of surface PM2.5 concentrations. With FINN1 emissions increased by a factor of 1.5 the model reasonably simulates PM2.5 concentrations in South America and AOD over Southeast Asia, but underestimates AOD over South America and Africa. The model with GFAS1 emissions better matches observed PM2.5 and AOD when emissions are increased by a factor of 3.4. The model with GFED3 emissions scaled by a factor of 1.5 reasonably simulates PM2.5 concentrations in South America, but requires a larger scaling factor to capture observed AOD in all regions. The model with GFED3 emissions poorly simulates observed seasonal variability of surface PM2.5 and AOD in regions where small fires dominate, providing independent evidence that GFED3 omits emissions from small fires. Seasonal variability of both PM2.5 and AOD is better simulated by the model using FINN1 and GFAS1 emissions. Detailed observations of the vertical profile of aerosol over biomass burning regions are required to better constrain emissions and modelled AOD.

scholarly journals Supplementary material to "Six Global Biomass Burning Emission Datasets: Inter-comparison and Application in one Global Aerosol Model"

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaohua Pan ◽  
Charles Ichoku ◽  
Mian Chin ◽  
Huisheng Bian ◽  
Anton Darmenov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biomass Burning ◽  
Aerosol Model ◽  
Supplementary Material

scholarly journals Supplementary material to "Long-term Brown Carbon and Smoke Tracer Observations in Bogotá, Colombia: Association to Medium-Range Transport of Biomass Burning Plumes"

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan Manuel Rincón-Riveros ◽  
Maria Alejandra Rincón-Caro ◽  
Amy P. Sullivan ◽  
Juan Felipe Mendez-Espinosa ◽  
Luis Carlos Belalcazar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biomass Burning ◽  
Brown Carbon ◽  
Range Transport ◽  
Medium Range ◽  
Supplementary Material

scholarly journals Analysis of particulate emissions from tropical biomass burning using a global aerosol model and long-term surface observations

2016 ◽  
Vol 16 (17) ◽  
pp. 11083-11106 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carly L. Reddington ◽  
Dominick V. Spracklen ◽  
Paulo Artaxo ◽  
David A. Ridley ◽  
Luciana V. Rizzo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Biomass Burning ◽  
Seasonal Variability ◽  
Scaling Factor ◽  
Particulate Emissions ◽  
Independent Evidence ◽  
Tropical Regions ◽  
Aerosol Model ◽  
Upper Estimate ◽  
Aerosol Hygroscopicity

Abstract. We use the GLOMAP global aerosol model evaluated against observations of surface particulate matter (PM2.5) and aerosol optical depth (AOD) to better understand the impacts of biomass burning on tropical aerosol over the period 2003 to 2011. Previous studies report a large underestimation of AOD over regions impacted by tropical biomass burning, scaling particulate emissions from fire by up to a factor of 6 to enable the models to simulate observed AOD. To explore the uncertainty in emissions we use three satellite-derived fire emission datasets (GFED3, GFAS1 and FINN1). In these datasets the tropics account for 66–84 % of global particulate emissions from fire. With all emission datasets GLOMAP underestimates dry season PM2.5 concentrations in regions of high fire activity in South America and underestimates AOD over South America, Africa and Southeast Asia. When we assume an upper estimate of aerosol hygroscopicity, underestimation of AOD over tropical regions impacted by biomass burning is reduced relative to previous studies. Where coincident observations of surface PM2.5 and AOD are available we find a greater model underestimation of AOD than PM2.5, even when we assume an upper estimate of aerosol hygroscopicity. Increasing particulate emissions to improve simulation of AOD can therefore lead to overestimation of surface PM2.5 concentrations. We find that scaling FINN1 emissions by a factor of 1.5 prevents underestimation of AOD and surface PM2.5 in most tropical locations except Africa. GFAS1 requires emission scaling factor of 3.4 in most locations with the exception of equatorial Asia where a scaling factor of 1.5 is adequate. Scaling GFED3 emissions by a factor of 1.5 is sufficient in active deforestation regions of South America and equatorial Asia, but a larger scaling factor is required elsewhere. The model with GFED3 emissions poorly simulates observed seasonal variability in surface PM2.5 and AOD in regions where small fires dominate, providing independent evidence that GFED3 underestimates particulate emissions from small fires. Seasonal variability in both PM2.5 and AOD is better simulated by the model using FINN1 emissions. Detailed observations of aerosol properties over biomass burning regions are required to better constrain particulate emissions from fires.

scholarly journals Six-year source apportionment of submicron organic aerosols from near-continuous measurements at SIRTA (Paris area, France)

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yunjiang Zhang ◽  
Olivier Favez ◽  
Jean-Eudes Petit ◽  
Francesco Canonaco ◽  
Francois Truong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Source Apportionment ◽  
Biomass Burning ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Carbonaceous Aerosols ◽  
Time Resolved ◽  
Pronounced Increase ◽  
Paris Area ◽  
Multi Wavelength ◽  
High Concentrations

Abstract. Organic aerosol (OA) particles are recognized as key factors influencing air quality and climate change. However, highly-time resolved year-round characterizations of their composition and sources in ambient air are still very limited due to challenging continuous observations. Here, we present an analysis of long-term variability of submicron OA using the combination of Aerosol Chemical Speciation Monitor (ACSM) and multi-wavelength aethalometer from November 2011 to March 2018 at a background site of the Paris region (France). Source apportionment of OA was achieved via partially constrained positive matrix factorization (PMF) using the multilinear engine (ME-2). Two primary OA (POA) and two oxygenated OA (OOA) factors were identified and quantified over the entire studied period. POA factors were designated as hydrocarbon-like OA (HOA) and biomass burning OA (BBOA). The latter factor presented a significant seasonality with higher concentrations in winter with significant monthly contributions to OA (18–33 %) due to enhanced residential wood burning emissions. HOA mainly originated from traffic emissions but was also influenced by biomass burning in cold periods. OOA factors were distinguished between their less- and more-oxidized fractions (LO-OOA and MO-OOA, respectively). These factors presented distinct seasonal patterns, associated with different atmospheric formation pathways. A pronounced increase of LO-OOA concentrations and contributions (50–66 %) was observed in summer, which may be mainly explained by secondary OA (SOA) formation processes involving biogenic gaseous precursors. Conversely high concentrations and OA contributions (32–62 %) of MO-OOA during winter and spring seasons were partly associated with anthropogenic emissions and/or long-range transport from northeastern Europe. The contribution of the different OA factors as a function of OA mass loading highlighted the dominant roles of POA during pollution episodes in fall and winter, and of SOA for highest springtime and summertime OA concentrations. Finally, long-term trend analyses indicated a decreasing feature (of about 200 ng m−3 yr−1) for MO-OOA, very limited or insignificant decreasing trends for primary anthropogenic carbonaceous aerosols (BBOA and HOA, along with the fossil fuel and biomass burning black carbon components), and no trend for LO-OOA over the 6+-year investigated period.

scholarly journals Long-term safety and efficacy of extended-interval prophylaxis with recombinant factor IX Fc fusion protein (rFIXFc) in subjects with haemophilia B

2017 ◽  
Vol 117 (03) ◽  
pp. 508-518 ◽  
Author(s):  
K.John Pasi ◽  
Kathelijn Fischer ◽  
Margaret Ragni ◽  
Beatrice Nolan ◽  
David J. Perry ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fusion Protein ◽  
Factor Ix ◽  
Safety And Efficacy ◽  
Haemophilia B ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Fc Fusion Protein ◽  
Recombinant Factor Ix ◽  
Bleeding Episodes ◽  
Supplementary Material

SummaryThe safety, efficacy, and prolonged half-life of recombinant factor IX Fc fusion protein (rFIXFc) were demonstrated in the Phase 3 B-LONG (adults/adolescents ≥12 years) and Kids B-LONG (children <12 years) studies of subjects with haemophilia B (≤2 IU/dl). Here, we report interim, long-term safety and efficacy data from B-YOND, the rFIXFc extension study. Eligible subjects who completed B-LONG or Kids B-LONG could enrol in B-YOND. There were four treatment groups: weekly prophylaxis (20–100 IU/kg every 7 days), individualised prophylaxis (100 IU/kg every 8–16 days), modified prophylaxis (further dosing personalisation to optimise prophylaxis), and episodic (ondemand) treatment. Subjects could change treatment groups at any point. Primary endpoint was inhibitor development. One hundred sixteen subjects enrolled in B-YOND. From the start of the parent studies to the B-YOND interim data cut, median duration of rFIXFc treatment was 39.5 months and 21.9 months among adults/adolescents and children, respectively; 68/93 (73.1 %) adults/adolescents and 9/23 (39.1 %) children had ≥100 cumulative rFIXFc exposure days. No inhibitors were observed. Median annualised bleeding rates (ABRs) were low in all prophylaxis regimens: weekly (≥12 years: 2.3; <6 years: 0.0; 6 to <12 years: 2.7), individualised (≥12 years: 2.3; 6 to <12 years: 2.4), and modified (≥12 years: 2.4). One or two infusions were sufficient to control 97 % (adults/adolescents) and 95 % (children) of bleeding episodes. Interim data from B-YOND are consistent with data from B-LONG and Kids B-LONG, and confirm the longterm safety of rFIXFc, absence of inhibitors, and maintenance of low ABRs with prophylactic dosing every 1 to 2 weeks.Supplementary Material to this article is available online at www.thrombosis-online.com.

Development and validation of a tool for patient reporting of symptoms and signs of the post-thrombotic syndrome

2016 ◽  
Vol 115 (02) ◽  
pp. 361-367 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristin Kornelia Utne ◽  
Waleed Ghanima ◽  
Siv Foyn ◽  
Susan Kahn ◽  
Per Morten Sandset ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reference Method ◽  
Patient Reporting ◽  
Self Assessment ◽  
Post Thrombotic Syndrome ◽  
Supplementary Material ◽  
Development And Validation ◽  
Kappa Agreement ◽  
Symptoms And Signs ◽  
Patient Self Assessment

SummaryPost-thrombotic syndrome (PTS) is a long-term complication of deepvein thrombosis (DVT). The Villalta scale is the recommended tool for diagnosing PTS, but requires a clinician’s assessment in addition to patient self-assessment. In the present study, we validated a self-administered tool for patient reporting of leg symptoms and signs as a mean to assess PTS. We first validated a form for patient self-reported Villalta (PRV1), then developed and validated a visually assisted form (PRV2). The validity of PRV1 and PRV2 was assessed in patients diagnosed with DVT between 2004 and 2012. Median time from DVT to inclusion was 5.1 and 3.5 years for PRV1 (n=162) and PRV2 (n=94), respectively. Patients were requested to complete the PRV form before a scheduled visit. PTS diagnosed by the original Villalta scale during the visit served as the reference method. PRV1 showed only moderate agreement for diagnosing PTS compared with the original Villalta scale (kappa agreement 0.60, 95 % CI 0.48–0.72), whereas PRV2 showed very good agreement (0.82, 95 % CI 0.71–0.94). In the validation of PRV2, PTS was diagnosed in 54 (57 %) patients according to the original Villalta scale and in 60 (64 %) by PRV2. The sensitivity of PRV2 to detect PTS was 98 % and the specificity was 83 %. We conclude that the visually assisted form for PRV is a valid and sensitive tool for diagnosing PTS. Such a tool could be applied in further clinical studies of PTS, making studies less resource demanding by reducing the need for in-person clinic visits.Supplementary Material to this article is available online at www.thrombosis-online.com.

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