scholarly journals TMJ dysfunction from a myofunctional prospective

1977 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-26
Author(s):  
Brendan Stack ◽  
Lawerence Funt
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Temporomandibular Joint ◽  
Primary Concern ◽  
Myofunctional Therapy ◽  
Facial Esthetics ◽  
Treatment Plans ◽  
Dental Profession ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Beginning with its founding at the start of this century by Edward H. Angle, the orthodontic profession's primary concern for its first forty years was the relationship of teeth. Orthodontists' efforts were directed towards how the teeth interdigitated. Since the early 1940's, due to the influence of Doctors Tweed, Brodie, Steiner, Margolis, etc., emphasis has been placed upon the effects of orthodontics on the patient's profile, and the profession was then concerned with both esthetics and tooth function. There are two final areas into which the bulk of the orthodontic profession has yet to move, and they are the areas of the temporomandibular joint myofunctional therapy. Orthodontists must now begin to incorporate TMJ function and the results of myofunctional therapy into their thinking and into their treatment plans and realize the effect they have upon improving the skeletal muscle, neurology and physiology of the patient's face as well as his facial esthetics and the cuspal interdigitation of his teeth. The dental profession as a whole must not only realize the role myofunctional therapy has in attaining these goals, but the role it plays in maintaining their subsequent stability.

Riots and resources: How food access affects collective violence

2020 ◽  
pp. 002234331989822
Author(s):  
Alison Heslin
Keyword(s):  
Food Access ◽  
Food Prices ◽  
Violent Conflict ◽  
Collective Violence ◽  
Primary Concern ◽  
Community Members ◽  
Food Riots ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

How does food access affect the mobilization of collective violence? The upsurge in rioting in 2008 drew broad attention to the relationship of food and conflict, as scholars and policymakers sought to understand the mobilization and variation of rioting events. Studies have shown a robust relationship between conflict and food prices, noting an increase in incidents of violent conflict during times of high global prices. This study furthers the theory on the role of food access in riot mobilization, investigating the mechanisms by which changes in food access translate into collective violence. Using detailed, first-hand accounts of rioting in 2007 and 2008, this study investigates the motives and grievances of the community members where riots occurred and the relationship of those grievances to food access, while contrasting these accounts to communities that did not engage in rioting. In the cases presented, a change in food access motivated protest and violence involving existing grievances rather than explicitly addressing food access. In this way, food changed the meaning and severity of existing grievances. The cases studied add to our understanding of concurrent upsurges in food riots by outlining the ways that food access interacts with local contexts to initiate violent conflict, stressing the presence of existing actors who use decreased food access to mobilize resources to address existing grievances. While media accounts highlighted food access as the primary concern of food rioters, this study argues that many ‘food riots’ were not, in fact, directly motivated by food access. Rather, changes to food access can aid in mobilizing protests around a range of grievances, some unrelated to food access. Efforts to address the causes of food-related instability will be unsuccessful if they focus solely on food access without addressing the primary motivating grievance and understanding how food access relates to that grievance.

Lack of influence of potassium or osmolality on steady-state exercise hyperemia

1982 ◽  
Vol 242 (6) ◽  
pp. H949-H954 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. E. Mohrman
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Steady State ◽  
Constant Pressure ◽  
Ion Concentration ◽  
Muscle Exercise ◽  
Arterial Infusion ◽  
Exercise Hyperemia ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Hypertonic Saline Infusion

Hyperkalemia, hyperosmolality, and hypoxia are known to have synergistic vasodilatory effects on resting skeletal muscle. The purpose of this study was to determine the importance of hyperkalemia and hyperosmolality in the hyperemia accompanying steady-state muscle exercise. Denervated dog gastrocnemius-plantaris muscles were perfused at constant pressure. Blood flow (Q), oxygen consumption (VO2), and venous potassium ion concentration ([K+]), osmolarity (OSM), and oxygen tension (PO2) were measured during steady-state exercise at rates between rest and 6 Hz. In control experiments the transition from rest to 6-Hz exercise resulted in large increases in VO2 and Q but modest increases in venous [K+] (+0.7 +/- 0.2 meq/l) and OSM (+6.1 +/- 1.2 mosmol/kg). Increasing venous [K+] by 2.3 meq/l by intra-arterial infusion of isotonic KCl had no steady-state effect on resting Q, nor did it alter the relationship of Q to VO2 or PO2 during exercise. Similarly, increasing venous OSM by 13 mosmol/kg by hypertonic saline infusion produced no alterations in steady-state exercise hyperemia. These findings indicate that neither local hyperkalemia nor hyperosmolality plays a significant role in sustaining the hyperemia of steady-state exercise.

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