Carbon Black-Loaded GR-S Stocks. Relationship between Reinforcement and Swelling Properties

1949 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 805-811
Author(s):  
E. M. Dannenberg
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Black ◽  
Strong Interaction ◽  
Swelling Properties ◽  
Reinforcing Effect ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Equilibrium Swelling ◽  
Physical Mixtures ◽  
Primary Valence

Abstract The fact that equilibrium swelling measurements do not show any strong interaction of a primary-valence type between filler and rubber does not exclude the possibility of weaker attractive forces, or such low concentrations of primary valence cross-linkages that they cannot be detected by the methods used. The results of this work indicate that carbon black—rubber systems should be considered as simple physical mixtures. It is hoped that this concept will clarify some of the confusion regarding the reinforcing effect of finely divided powders.

Effect of low concentrations of carbon black in organic solar cells

2014 ◽  
Vol 128 ◽  
pp. 69-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xinbo C. Lau ◽  
Zhiqian Wang ◽  
Somenath Mitra
Keyword(s):  
Solar Cells ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Organic Solar Cells ◽  
Low Concentrations

Reinforcing Effect of Condensation Polymers on Rubber in Connection with Their Particle Size

1956 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 278-285 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Houwink ◽  
J. van Alphen
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Abrasion Resistance ◽  
Chemical Bonds ◽  
Tear Strength ◽  
Reinforcing Effect ◽  
Condensation Polymers ◽  
Abundant Evidence ◽  
Open Question

Abstract It is still an open question to what extent the reinforcing effect of a filler in rubber is due to physical or chemical bonds. There is abundant evidence that the reinforcing effect with regard to modulus, tear strength, and abrasion resistance increases with decreasing particle size. Arguments have been brought forward, however, that below a certain particle size this reinforcing effect diminishes. In most of the experiments involved, carbon black has been used as a filler. In the present paper, data regarding the reinforcing effect of some condensation resins of different particle size are presented in order to bring more light on these questions.

Structure and Properties of Filled Stocks XVI. Polybutadiene Filled with Colloidal Silica

1959 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 639-646
Author(s):  
B. Dogadkin ◽  
K. Pechkovskaya ◽  
E. Gol'dman
Keyword(s):  
Colloidal Silica ◽  
Chain Structure ◽  
Binary Solvents ◽  
Structure And Properties ◽  
Simple Method ◽  
Reinforcing Effect ◽  
Filled Rubber ◽  
Equilibrium Swelling ◽  
Rubber Stock ◽  
Filler Activity

Abstract 1. Colloidal silica can be partially or completely removed from filled rubber stocks by boiling in 1% aqueous NaOH. 2. Degree and rate of extracting directly depend on the reinforcing effect of the silica. The higher the filler activity, the more complete its extractability from the rubber. Inactive samples of silica practically cannot be extracted from filled rubber stocks. 3. The active silica forms a thixotropic chain structure in the rubber, but inactive silica is distributed in rubber as isolated particles or aggregates. 4. The rubber portion that remains after extraction of the active silica is insoluble in common rubber solvents. 5. The equilibrium swelling value in binary solvents (butanol-toluene) is lower, the higher the reinforcing action of the silica. 6. The reinforcing effect of silica is proportional to its moisture takeup capacity, which may be determined by a simple method described. 7. Based on the experiments described, the type of linkages involved and the structure of the rubber stock filled with silica are considered.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Fillers Dispersion Degree in Elastomeric Magnetic Composites

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Ján Kruželák ◽  
Sybill Ilisch ◽  
Ivan Hudec ◽  
Rastislav Dosoudil
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Black ◽  
Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Curing Process ◽  
Magnetic Composites ◽  
Reinforcing Effect ◽  
Rubber Compounds ◽  
Dispersion Degree ◽  
Elastomeric Materials ◽  
Mutual Change ◽  
Very High

Elastomeric magnetic composites were prepared by incorporation of strontium ferrite into polymer matrices based on natural as well as butadiene rubber. Besides the rubber and ferrite, or the combinations of ferrite and carbon black (in case of natural rubber), the model rubber compounds contained only ingredients which support curing process. The study was dedicated to the observation of fillers dispersion degree in the rubber matrices and investigation of physical-mechanical and magnetic properties of prepared composites. The results indicate that the dispersion degree of ferrite in the rubber matrices is not very high, but it can be positively influenced by the addition of carbon black. Despite of the fact that ferrite exhibits only low reinforcing effect on cross-linked elastomeric materials, physical-mechanical properties can be also positively influenced by the mutual change in combinations of both fillers (ferrite and carbon black). The prepared materials seem to have suitable magnetic and elastic properties.

scholarly journals Osmotic Swelling Responses are Conserved Across Cartilaginous Tissues with Varied Sulfated-Glycosaminoglycan Contents

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eva G. Baylon ◽  
Marc E. Levenston
Keyword(s):  
Articular Cartilage ◽  
Degenerative Joint Disease ◽  
Joint Disease ◽  
Confined Compression ◽  
Osmotic Swelling ◽  
Swelling Properties ◽  
Sulfated Glycosaminoglycan ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Sgag Content ◽  
Phosphate Buffered Saline

AbstractThe interactions between the negatively charged sulfated glycosaminoglycan (sGAG) chains and the ionic interstitial fluid in articular cartilage and meniscal fibrocartilage give rise to an osmotic swelling stress that is critical for the load-bearing capability of both tissues. This osmotic swelling stress is altered when the sGAG content is changed, as during progression of degenerative joint disease; understanding the influence of sGAG concentration on the osmotic swelling stress of cartilage and meniscus is important to enhance our understanding of physiology and disease. This study compared the effect of altered osmotic environments on the confined compression swelling behavior of bovine tissues spanning a range of sGAG concentrations: juvenile articular cartilage, juvenile and adult meniscus, and juvenile cartilage degraded to reduce sGAG content. The transient response to changes in bath conditions was evaluated for explants assigned to one of three compressive offsets (5%, 10%, or 15% strain) and one of three bath conditions (0.1X, 1X, or 10X Phosphate Buffered Saline). Our results show that relative responses to alterations to the osmotic environment are consistent across tissue types, demonstrating that the role of sGAG in the swelling properties of the tissues tested is conserved, even when sGAG is present at low concentrations. Additionally, this study found unexpected correlations across tissue types between sGAG and collagen contents and between the aggregate modulus and both sGAG and collagen contents. These results suggest some conservation of composition-function relationships across a range of tissue types.

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