Three-dimensional recording apparatus (PMMR) of mandibular movement of young children using light position detector.

“Place” cells of the rat hippocampus are coupled to “head direction” cells of the thalamus and limbic cortex. Head direction cells are sensitive to head direction in the horizontal plane only, which leads to the question of whether place cells similarly encode locations in the horizontal plane only, ignoring the z axis, or whether they encode locations in three dimensions. This question was addressed by recording from ensembles of CA1 pyramidal cells while rats traversed a rectangular track that could be tilted and rotated to different three-dimensional orientations. Cells were analyzed to determine whether their firing was bound to the external, three-dimensional cues of the environment, to the two-dimensional rectangular surface, or to some combination of these cues. Tilting the track 45° generally provoked a partial remapping of the rectangular surface in that some cells maintained their place fields, whereas other cells either gained new place fields, lost existing fields, or changed their firing locations arbitrarily. When the tilted track was rotated relative to the distal landmarks, most place fields remapped, but a number of cells maintained the same place field relative to the x-y coordinate frame of the laboratory, ignoring the z axis. No more cells were bound to the local reference frame of the recording apparatus than would be predicted by chance. The partial remapping demonstrated that the place cell system was sensitive to the three-dimensional manipulations of the recording apparatus. Nonetheless the results were not consistent with an explicit three-dimensional tuning of individual hippocampal neurons nor were they consistent with a model in which different sets of cells are tightly coupled to different sets of environmental cues. The results are most consistent with the statement that hippocampal neurons can change their “tuning functions” in arbitrary ways when features of the sensory input or behavioral context are altered. Understanding the rules that govern the remapping phenomenon holds promise for deciphering the neural circuitry underlying hippocampal function.

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Using a planetarium fieldtrip to engage young children in three-dimensional learning through representations, patterns, and lunar phenomena

International Journal of Science Education Part B ◽

10.1080/21548455.2018.1438683 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 8 (3) ◽

pp. 193-212

Author(s):

Julia D. Plummer ◽

Kim J. Small

Keyword(s):

Young Children ◽

Three Dimensional

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Marshmallows Toothpicks and Geodesic Domes

The Arithmetic Teacher ◽

10.5951/at.25.3.0039 ◽

1977 ◽

Vol 25 (3) ◽

pp. 39-42

Author(s):

M. Stoessel Wahl

Keyword(s):

Young Children ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Three Dimensional Objects ◽

Early School ◽

Geodesic Domes

Young children grow up in and Patterns for Domes adapt to a world of three-dimensional objects. Solids. however, are difficult to show on textbook pages and in chalkboard drawings, with the result that there is a tendency to limit early school geometric experiences to recognition of plane figures.

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Three-dimensional analysis of cusp travel during a nonworking mandibular movement

Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry ◽

10.1016/0022-3913(85)90171-4 ◽

1985 ◽

Vol 53 (6) ◽

pp. 839-843 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

John K. Schulte ◽

Sern Hong Wang ◽

Arthur G. Erdman ◽

Gary C. Anderson

Keyword(s):

Dimensional Analysis ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Mandibular Movement

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A Chewing Movement Recording-analyzing system Composed of Mandibular Movement Recording Apparatus and a Personal computer

Proceeding of Japanese Society of Stomatognathic Function ◽

10.7144/sgf1982.5.175 ◽

1987 ◽

Vol 5 ◽

pp. 175-180

Author(s):

Hiroshi SHIGA ◽

Kiyohei HAYASHI ◽

Hideyuki HAMANAKA ◽

Yoshinori KOBAYASHI

Keyword(s):

Personal Computer ◽

Mandibular Movement ◽

Recording Apparatus ◽

Chewing Movement

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Additional value and new insights by four-dimensional flow magnetic resonance imaging in congenital heart disease: application in neonates and young children

Pediatric Radiology ◽

10.1007/s00247-020-04885-w ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Julia Geiger ◽

Fraser M. Callaghan ◽

Barbara E. U. Burkhardt ◽

Emanuela R. Valsangiacomo Buechel ◽

Christian J. Kellenberger

Keyword(s):

Congenital Heart Disease ◽

Blood Flow ◽

Heart Disease ◽

Young Children ◽

Congenital Heart ◽

Imaging Modality ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Cardiovascular Assessment ◽

Flow Mri ◽

Neonates And Infants

AbstractCardiovascular MRI has become an essential imaging modality in children with congenital heart disease (CHD) in the last 15–20 years. With use of appropriate sequences, it provides important information on cardiovascular anatomy, blood flow and function for initial diagnosis and post-surgical or -interventional monitoring in children. Although considered as more sophisticated and challenging than CT, in particular in neonates and infants, MRI is able to provide information on intra- and extracardiac haemodynamics, in contrast to CT. In recent years, four-dimensional (4-D) flow MRI has emerged as an additional MR technique for retrospective assessment and visualisation of blood flow within the heart and any vessel of interest within the acquired three-dimensional (3-D) volume. Its application in young children requires special adaptations for the smaller vessel size and faster heart rate compared to adolescents or adults. In this article, we provide an overview of 4-D flow MRI in various types of complex CHD in neonates and infants to demonstrate its potential indications and beneficial application for optimised individual cardiovascular assessment. We focus on its application in clinical routine cardiovascular workup and, in addition, show some examples with pathologies other than CHD to highlight that 4-D flow MRI yields new insights in disease understanding and therapy planning. We shortly review the essentials of 4-D flow data acquisition, pre- and post-processing techniques in neonates, infants and young children. Finally, we conclude with some details on accuracy, limitations and pitfalls of the technique.

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Three Dimensional Study on Mandibular Movement by using Automatic Electronic Measuring Device

The Journal of Japan Gnathology ◽

10.14399/jacd1982.7.3-4_1 ◽

1986 ◽

Vol 7 (3-4) ◽

pp. 1-29

Author(s):

Hisao Takayama ◽

Takeo Iwata ◽

Sumiya Hobo

Keyword(s):

Three Dimensional ◽

Mandibular Movement ◽

Electronic Measuring ◽

Measuring Device

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Young Children's Painting of the Sky and the Ground

International Journal of Behavioral Development ◽

10.1177/016502549001300104 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 13 (1) ◽

pp. 49-65 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Vicky Lewis

Keyword(s):

Young Children ◽

Dimensional Space ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Two Dimensions ◽

Air Gap ◽

Age Range ◽

Three Dimensional Space

Young children often leave a gap between the sky and the horizon in their drawings and paintings. Study 1 examined the landscape paintings of a group of 45 7-10-year-old children and found the children leaving an air gap to be significantly younger than those painting the sky to the horizon. In addition the omission of the air gap was associated with the use of devices to represent three-dimensional space in two dimensions. In Study 2 a group of 7-8-year old chldren painted landscapes on two occasions separated by 7-7.5 months. This study suggested that there are a series of stages between leaving a gap and painting the sky to meet the horizon. It is concluded that painting the sky to meet the horizon may be one of several strategies for representing three-dimensional space, which develops over the age range studied.

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