ABSTRACTCommensalStreptococcus sanguinisandStreptococcus gordoniiare pioneer oral biofilm colonizers. Characteristic for both is the SpxB-dependent production of H2O2, which is crucial for inhibiting competing biofilm members, especially the cariogenic speciesStreptococcus mutans. H2O2production is strongly affected by environmental conditions, but few mechanisms are known. Dental plaque pH is one of the key parameters dictating dental plaque ecology and ultimately oral health status. Therefore, the objective of the current study was to characterize the effects of environmental pH on H2O2production byS. sanguinisandS. gordonii.S. sanguinisH2O2production was not found to be affected by moderate changes in environmental pH, whereasS. gordoniiH2O2production declined markedly in response to lower pH. Further investigation into the pyruvate node, the central metabolic switch modulating H2O2or lactic acid production, revealed increased lactic acid levels forS. gordoniiat pH 6. The bias for lactic acid production at pH 6 resulted in concomitant improvement in the survival ofS. gordoniiat low pH and seems to constitute part of the acid tolerance response ofS. gordonii. Differential responses to pH similarly affect other oral streptococcal species, suggesting that the observed results are part of a larger phenomenon linking environmental pH, central metabolism, and the capacity to produce antagonistic amounts of H2O2.IMPORTANCEOral biofilms are subject to frequent and dramatic changes in pH.S. sanguinisandS. gordoniican compete with caries- and periodontitis-associated pathogens by generating H2O2. Therefore, it is crucial to understand howS. sanguinisandS. gordoniiadapt to low pH and maintain their competitiveness under acid stress. The present study provides evidence that certain oral bacteria respond to environmental pH changes by tuning their metabolic output in favor of lactic acid production, to increase their acid survival, while others maintain their H2O2production at a constant level. The differential control of H2O2production provides important insights into the role of environmental conditions for growth competition of the oral flora.
Genome-Shuffling-Improved Acid Tolerance and Lactic Acid Production in Lactobacillus plantarum for Commercialization
