scholarly journals Setting priorities for conservation of the conifer genetic resources of British Columbia

1996 ◽  
Vol 72 (4) ◽  
pp. 406-415 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alvin D. Yanchuk ◽  
Donald T. Lester
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Genetic Resources ◽  
Protected Areas ◽  
Natural Regeneration ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Gene Conservation ◽  
Conifer Species ◽  
The Future ◽  
Ex Situ Collections

Gene conservation of native conifer species in British Columbia is considered necessary primarily to safeguard the future evolutionary potential of species to climate change, new biotic challenges and for commercial genetic improvement programs. The tactical options include: (i) maintaining existing protected areas, (ii) creating new reserves for in situ management, and (iii) ex situ collections of various types.A two-part strategy is presented, with emphasis on technical justifications, for the conservation of conifer tree genetic resources of 23 British Columbia species. Part I is a survey of the frequency of each species in current land reserves in BC. Part II outlines an approach that will aid in setting priorities for additional gene conservation activities for specific species. This process attempts to use information on: (i) levels of in situ protection, (ii) the status of each species in current provenance research and breeding programs, and (iii) the relative capabilities for natural regeneration for each species.Representation of the 23 native conifer species in the current network of protected areas is generally complete. For instance, western hemlock is under little threat, as extensive ex situ collections are in field tests; it is well protected in the current reserve network, and it has a great capacity for natural regeneration. At the other extreme, whitebark pine has no ex situ collections made to date, needs additional protection in some ecoregions of the province, and generally has poor natural regeneration potential. While implementation of our strategy will be an ongoing process (i.e. updating information from both new and old in situ reserves, and setting new priorities among species), several immediate issues have been noted. These include; (i) follow-up work in the area of population sampling for ex situ collections, (ii) "ground truthing" of current reserves where data are weak, and (iii) examining the merit of certain populations not located in BC (as they could be as important as those currently protected in BC).For the future, various broad management questions will need to be resolved, such as: (i) whether existing reserves will perpetuate the various gene pools, and what management will be appropriate for such areas, (ii) the impact of pollen migration from genetically improved production stands on reserve stands, and (iii) the role of commercially improved stands and the breeding populations themselves to meet gene conservation objectives. Key words: gene conservation, native conifers, British Columbia, tree genetics

scholarly journals Gap analyses of priority wild relatives of food crop in current ex situ and in situ conservation in Indonesia

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wiguna Rahman ◽  
Joana Magos Brehm ◽  
Nigel Maxted ◽  
Jade Phillips ◽  
Aremi R. Contreras-Toledo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protected Areas ◽  
Protected Area ◽  
In Situ Conservation ◽  
Wild Relatives ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Area Network ◽  
Complementarity Analysis ◽  
Ex Situ Collections ◽  
Conservation Actions

AbstractConservation programmes are always limited by available resources. Careful planning is therefore required to increase the efficiency of conservation and gap analysis can be used for this purpose. This method was used to assess the representativeness of current ex situ and in situ conservation actions of 234 priority crop wild relatives (CWR) in Indonesia. This analysis also included species distribution modelling, the creation of an ecogeographical land characterization map, and a complementarity analysis to identify priorities area for in situ conservation and for further collecting of ex situ conservation programmes. The results show that both current ex situ and in situ conservation actions are insufficient. Sixty-six percent of priority CWRs have no recorded ex situ collections. Eighty CWRs with ex situ collections are still under-represented in the national genebanks and 65 CWRs have no presence records within the existing protected area network although 60 are predicted to exist in several protected areas according to their potential distribution models. The complementarity analysis shows that a minimum of 61 complementary grid areas (complementary based on grid cells) are required to conserve all priority taxa and 40 complementary protected areas (complementary based on existing protected areas) are required to conserve those with known populations within the existing in situ protected area network. The top ten of complementary protected areas are proposed as the initial areas for the development of CWR genetic reserves network in Indonesia. It is recommended to enhanced coordination between ex situ and in situ conservation stakeholders for sustaining the long term conservation of CWR in Indonesia. Implementation of the research recommendations will provide for the first time an effective conservation planning of Indonesia’s CWR diversity and will significantly enhance the country’s food and nutritional security.

scholarly journals Tree species of concern in New Brunswick, Canada. II. Guidelines for conservation of genetic resources

2007 ◽  
Vol 83 (3) ◽  
pp. 402-407
Author(s):  
J A Loo ◽  
T L Beardmore ◽  
J D Simpson ◽  
D A McPhee
Keyword(s):  
New Brunswick ◽  
Genetic Resources ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Ex Situ Conservation ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Gene Conservation ◽  
American Beech ◽  
Bur Oak ◽  
Butternut Canker

Guidelines were developed by the New Brunswick Forest Gene Conservation Working Group for conserving genetic resources of four native tree species in New Brunswick. Gene conservation guidelines for three of these species aim to maintain sufficient gene pools of known or putatively resistant stock to retain or develop the potential for restoration. Natural populations of American beech (Fagus grandifolia) are known to have genotypes resistant to the beech scale at low frequencies. Gene conservation approaches include in situ and ex situ measures, including resistance breeding. White elm (Ulmus americana) demonstrates a degree of resistance to Dutch elm disease (DED), and will benefit from a mixture of in situ and ex situ conservation measures. Resistance to butternut canker has not yet been demonstrated in populations of butternut (Juglans cinerea), but ex situ conservation of putatively resistant genotypes will be of increasing importance as the frequency of butternut canker escalates. Bur oak (Quercus macrocarpa), threatened by small population size, habitat loss, and ongoing development, requires primarily in situ conservation and restoration efforts. Key words: American beech, bur oak, butternut, disease resistance, ex situ, gene conservation guidelines, genetic resources, in situ, restoration, white elm

A quantitative framework for breeding and conservation of forest tree genetic resources in British Columbia

2001 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 566-576 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alvin D Yanchuk
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Genetic Resources ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Forest Tree ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Individual Species ◽  
Effective Population ◽  
Breeding Populations ◽  
Conservation Plans

Over the last decade, forest tree breeders have become aware of the need for gene conservation, but have struggled with methods that would meaningfully integrate breeding and conservation populations. Gene Namkoong has provided the most guidance in this area by defining the role of in- and ex-situ populations in forest tree gene resource management and, particularly, the need for this to be dynamic in time and space. However, once conservation plans for individual species in British Columbia were considered, it became clear that more quantitative structure was needed to provide a framework for attaining practical management objectives. This paper attempts to provide such a framework and show how breeding and conservation populations can be integrated into a continuum of genetic resources. First, capturing only one copy of an allele is likely not satisfactory to meet conservation objectives, and sampling targets should be set higher (e.g., 20) so as to avoid potential problems of inbreeding at later stages in the program. Second, there seems to be a large problem with conserving very low frequency alleles that are recessive, but this occurs in nature as well. Third, in situ populations should be large enough and in a state to persist on their own over several generations, so the more recent effective population size numbers proposed by Lynch (1996) (i.e., ~1000) need to be considered. Fourth, while breeding populations of moderate size (~80) will contain adequate amounts of quantitative genetic variation, they will also contain 20 copies of dominant alleles at frequencies of ~0.20 or higher. Fifth, maintaining and rejuvenating strategic ex-situ test populations now seems to be the only way to conserve low- to mid-frequency alleles that will (i) be reduced in progressive breeding populations by drift and, (ii) over time, not be in desirable genetic backgrounds in in situ populations. Sixth, any reliance on locating mutants in production populations seems generally remote and cannot be relied upon except in a very few situations, although mutation will be important in breeding and in reserves in situ.

scholarly journals Crop Vulnerability: Carya

HortScience ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 51 (6) ◽  
pp. 653-663 ◽  
Author(s):  
L.J. Grauke ◽  
Bruce W. Wood ◽  
Marvin K. Harris
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Genetic Resources ◽  
Phenotypic Expression ◽  
Crop Wild Relatives ◽  
Wild Relatives ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Asian Species ◽  
Ex Situ Collections

Long-established native tree populations reflect local adaptations. Representation of diverse populations in accessible ex situ collections that link information on phenotypic expression to information on spatial and temporal origination is the most efficient means of preserving and exploring genetic diversity, which is the foundation of breeding and crop improvement. Throughout North America, sympatric Carya species sharing the same ploidy level tend to hybridize, permitting gene flow that contributes to regional diversity and adaptation. The topographic isolation of many fragmented populations, some of which are small, places native Carya populations of United States, Mexico, and Asia in a vulnerable position and justifies systematic collection and characterization. The characterization of indigenous Mexican pecan and other Carya populations will facilitate use for rootstocks and scion breeding and will contribute to pecan culture. The Asian species, as a group, are not only geographically isolated from North American species, but also occur in disjunct, fragmented populations isolated from other Asian species. Section Sinocarya includes the members of the genus most vulnerable to genetic loss. With all species, recognition of utility based on characterization of ex situ collections may contribute to the establishment of in situ reserves. Global Carya genetic resources should be cooperatively collected, maintained, characterized, and developed. The integration of crop wild relatives into characterization and breeding efforts represents a challenging opportunity for both domestic and international cooperation. Genomic tools used on the accessible collections of the National Collection of Genetic Resources for Pecans and Hickories (NCGR-Carya) offer great potential to elucidate genetic adaptation in relation to geographic distribution. The greatest progress will be made by integrating the disciplines of genetics, botany, pathology, entomology, ecology, and horticulture into internationally cooperative efforts. International germplasm exchange is becoming increasingly complicated by a combination of protectionist policies and legitimate phytosanitary concerns. Cooperative international evaluation of in situ autochthonous germplasm provides a valuable safeguard to unintended pathogen exchange associated with certain forms of germplasm distribution, while enabling beneficial communal exploration and directed exchange. This is threatened by the “proprietary” focus on intellectual property. The greatest risk to the productive development of the pecan industry might well be a myopic focus on pecan production through the lens of past practice. The greatest limitation to pecan culture in the western United States is reduced water quantity and quality; in the eastern United States the challenge is disease susceptibility; and insufficient cold hardiness in the northern United States. The greatest benefit for the entire industry might be achieved by tree size reduction through both improved rootstocks and scions, which will improve both nut production and tree management, impacting all areas of culture. This achievement will likely necessitate incorporation of crop wild relatives in breeding, broad cooperation in the testing leading to selection, and development of improved methods linking phenotypic expression to genomic characterization. The development of a database to appropriately house information available to a diverse research community will facilitate cooperative research. The acquisition of funds to pursue development of those tools will require the support of the pecan industry, which in the United States, is regionally fragmented and focused on marketing rather than crop development.

In Situ and Ex Situ Conservation of Coconut Genetic Resources

2020 ◽  
pp. 51-75
Author(s):  
Roland Bourdeix ◽  
Steve Adkins ◽  
Vincent Johnson ◽  
Lalith Perera ◽  
Sisunandar
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Resources ◽  
Ex Situ Conservation ◽  
Ex Situ

scholarly journals Ex situ conservation of genetic resources of field elm (Ulmus minor Mill) and European white elm (Ulmus laevis Pall)

Genetika ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 221-227
Author(s):  
Jelena Aleksic ◽  
Sasa Orlovic
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Resources ◽  
Ex Situ Conservation ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
In Vitro Production ◽  
Ulmus Minor ◽  
Conservation Of Genetic Resources ◽  
Ulmus Laevis ◽  
Vitro Production

Principles of the conservation of genetic resources of elms (Ulmus spp) do not differ fundamentally from the general principles accepted for the conservation of genetic resources of other common Noble Hardwoods. Efficient conservation can best be achieved through appropriate combination of in situ and ex situ methods, which have distinct advantages. Besides that, ex situ conservation is employed when emergency measures are needed for rare endangered populations and when populations are too small to be managed in situ (e.g. risks of genetic drift and inbreeding). The aim of our research is ex situ conservation of genetic resources of field elm {Ulmus minor Mill) and European white elm (Ulmus laevis Pall) through establishment of field genebanks. Sampling was conducted in one population of field elm and one population of white elm. Plant material (buds) from 8 trees of field elm and 10 trees of white elm was used for in vitro production of clones. Obtained clones will be used for establishment of field genebanks on the experimental estate of the Institute of Lowland Forestry and Environment.

Key issues facing genebanks in preserving crop genetic diversity ex situ: overview of the range of challenges

2021 ◽  
pp. 139-154
Author(s):  
Paula Bramel ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Genetic Resources ◽  
Plant Genetic Resources ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Crop Genetic Diversity ◽  
Ex Situ Collections ◽  
Key Issues ◽  
Market Preference ◽  
The Impact

This chapter reviews the key issues and challenges facing genebanks in preserving crop genetic diversity ex situ. Local crop genetic diversity is challenged with changes in land use, urbanization, land degradation, changes in agricultural practises, availability of improved varieties, changes in market preference, and the impact of climate change. Efforts have been made to secure plant genetic resources ex situ for future use but there are significant issues related to cost effective, efficient, secure, rational, and sustainable long-term ex situ conservation. It begins by addressing issues for the composition of ex situ collections and moves on to discuss issues for routine operations for conservation. The chapter also highlights issues for the use of conserved genetic resources, before concluding with a summary of why the development of sustainable genebank systems is so important.

scholarly journals In situ and ex situ conservation gap analyses of crop wild relatives from Malawi

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nolipher Khaki Mponya ◽  
Tembo Chanyenga ◽  
Joana Magos Brehm ◽  
Nigel Maxted
Keyword(s):  
Ex Situ Conservation ◽  
Plant Genetic Resources ◽  
Crop Wild Relatives ◽  
Wild Relatives ◽  
Conservation Strategy ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Grid Cells ◽  
Ex Situ Collections ◽  
Minimum Number

Abstract The study analysed the conservation gaps of the priority crop wild relatives (CWR) taxa for Malawi in order to contribute to the development of a harmonized conservation strategy that helps secure the priority CWR under in situ and ex situ. We used taxa distribution modelling, complementarity analysis and ecogeographic land characterization map to analyse spatial diversity and distribution of 123 priority taxa across different adaptive scenarios. We identified areas of observed and predicted richness, the minimum number of protected areas (PAs) that conserve the broadest ecogeographic diversity in situ and the minimum number of grid cells that capture highest diversity outside PAs to recommend the establishment of genetic reserves. We then analysed the representativeness of the conserved ecogeographic diversity of target taxa in ex situ collections to identify ex situ conservation gaps and advise for priority areas for ex situ collections. For the 123 taxa, 70.7% of the total diversity occurs in 36 PAs with 66.8% of the diversity captured in only 10 complementary PAs. Outside PAs, the broadest diversity was conserved in three grid cells of size 5 × 5 km. Fifty-three of 123 taxa have ex situ collections with only three taxa having ex situ collections at the Malawi Plant Genetic Resources Centre. The findings of this study will guide formulation of conservation actions for the priority taxa as well as lobbying for active conservation of the same under in situ and ex situ.

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