Saving seeds: the economics of conserving crop genetic resources ex situ in the future harvest centres of the CGIAR

2004 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Resources ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Crop Genetic Resources ◽  
The Future

THE GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF ALLELIC DIVERSITY, A PRACTICAL MEANS OF PRESERVING AND USING MINOR ROOT CROP GENETIC RESOURCES

2005 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 475-489 ◽  
Author(s):  
VINCENT LEBOT ◽  
ANTON IVANCIC ◽  
KUTTOLAMADATHIL ABRAHAM
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Resources ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Allelic Diversity ◽  
Core Sample ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Breeding Strategies ◽  
Current Conservation ◽  
Crop Genetic Resources ◽  
Root Crop

This paper addresses the preservation and use of minor root crop genetic resources, mostly aroids and yams. Conservation is fraught with difficulty: ex situ collections are expensive to maintain and methods for on-farm conservation have not been studied. Conventional breeding strategies present serious limitations when applied to these species. Furthermore, the evaluation and distribution of improved material are as problematical as its conservation. The similarities shared by these species regarding their domestication, breeding constraints and improvement strategies as well as farmers' needs, are briefly reviewed. Based on these biological constraints, we propose a practical alternative to current conservation and breeding strategies. This approach focuses on the geographical distribution of allelic diversity rather than localized ex situ and/or in situ preservation of genotypes. The practical steps are described and discussed. First, a core sample representing the useful diversity of the species is assembled from accessions selected for their diverse and distant geographic origins, wide genetic distances, quality, agronomic performances and functional sexuality. Second, the geographical distribution of this core sample, in vitro via a transit centre, allows the direct use of selected genotypes by farmers or for breeding purposes. Third, the distribution of genes is realized in the form of clones resulting from segregating progenies and, fourth, farmers select clones with local adaptation.

Some recent issues on the conservation of crop genetic resources in developing countries

Genome ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 562-569 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Jana
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Plant Breeding ◽  
Genetic Resources ◽  
Core Collection ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Crop Genetic Resources ◽  
Core Collections ◽  
Global Food Security ◽  
Crop Genetic Diversity

Crop genetic resources (CGRs) are renewable resources. These resources are enriched rather than depleted by their use in research and plant breeding. Both at the time of Vavilov and, later, in the early 1970s, when concerted international efforts to collect and preserve CGRs started with the initiatives of the International Board for Plant Genetic Resources (IBPGR), CGRs were considered to be the common heritage of humankind. Now, they are widely accepted as "national heritage." Possible impacts of this nationalization on the utilization and enrichment of global crop genetic diversity and, consequently, on global food security are issues of great significance. At present, efficient management and adequate use of CGRs are more important concerns than their further exploration and collection. To increase the use of preserved CGRs in plant breeding, the formation of core collections, by selecting representative subsets from large ex situ collections of CGRs, was recommended in 1984. Since then, the core-collection strategy has been further justified as a practical approach to genetic resources management, as well as to their conservation. As a cost-saving germplasm-management strategy, the core-collection concept has considerable merit. However, the rapidly increasing popularity of core collections may undermine the genetic wealth stored in national gene banks of both developed and developing countries. Distinction is made between subsets of working collections and core collections. When a small number of CGRs is required for specific plant breeding purposes, a properly formed working collection is more useful than a representative collection. Despite the relative abundance of genetic diversity in crop plants in traditional agroecosystems, maintenance of these agroecosystems is not a realistic long-term alternative for preserving crop genetic diversity and ensuring global food security. What is needed in the "gene-rich" developing countries is the adoption of "biodiversity friendly" plant breeding and agricultural practices.Key words: crop genetic resources, core collection, germplasm conservation, in situ conservation, ex situ conservation, modern landraces.

scholarly journals Setting priorities for conservation of the conifer genetic resources of British Columbia

1996 ◽  
Vol 72 (4) ◽  
pp. 406-415 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alvin D. Yanchuk ◽  
Donald T. Lester
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Genetic Resources ◽  
Protected Areas ◽  
Natural Regeneration ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Gene Conservation ◽  
Conifer Species ◽  
The Future ◽  
Ex Situ Collections

Gene conservation of native conifer species in British Columbia is considered necessary primarily to safeguard the future evolutionary potential of species to climate change, new biotic challenges and for commercial genetic improvement programs. The tactical options include: (i) maintaining existing protected areas, (ii) creating new reserves for in situ management, and (iii) ex situ collections of various types.A two-part strategy is presented, with emphasis on technical justifications, for the conservation of conifer tree genetic resources of 23 British Columbia species. Part I is a survey of the frequency of each species in current land reserves in BC. Part II outlines an approach that will aid in setting priorities for additional gene conservation activities for specific species. This process attempts to use information on: (i) levels of in situ protection, (ii) the status of each species in current provenance research and breeding programs, and (iii) the relative capabilities for natural regeneration for each species.Representation of the 23 native conifer species in the current network of protected areas is generally complete. For instance, western hemlock is under little threat, as extensive ex situ collections are in field tests; it is well protected in the current reserve network, and it has a great capacity for natural regeneration. At the other extreme, whitebark pine has no ex situ collections made to date, needs additional protection in some ecoregions of the province, and generally has poor natural regeneration potential. While implementation of our strategy will be an ongoing process (i.e. updating information from both new and old in situ reserves, and setting new priorities among species), several immediate issues have been noted. These include; (i) follow-up work in the area of population sampling for ex situ collections, (ii) "ground truthing" of current reserves where data are weak, and (iii) examining the merit of certain populations not located in BC (as they could be as important as those currently protected in BC).For the future, various broad management questions will need to be resolved, such as: (i) whether existing reserves will perpetuate the various gene pools, and what management will be appropriate for such areas, (ii) the impact of pollen migration from genetically improved production stands on reserve stands, and (iii) the role of commercially improved stands and the breeding populations themselves to meet gene conservation objectives. Key words: gene conservation, native conifers, British Columbia, tree genetics

scholarly journals Survey for The Conservation of Agrobiodiversity in Three Italian Linguistic (Occitan, Croatian and Franco-Provençal) Islands.

2012 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gaetano Laghetti ◽  
Giovanni Ghiglione ◽  
Antonino De Lisi ◽  
Gina Maruca ◽  
Francesco Losavio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Resources ◽  
Genetic Erosion ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Common Beans ◽  
Plant Genetics ◽  
Crop Genetic Resources ◽  
Apulia Region ◽  
Crop Science ◽  
Linguistic Islands

This study is a continuation of a research started in 1996 to study and safeguard the agrobiodiversity in Italian linguistic islands by the Institute of Plant Genetics of the C.N.R. of Bari (Italy) and the Institute of Crop Science of Kassel University (Germany). In 2011 additional three collecting missions were carried out in the Franco-Provençal, Croatian, and Occitan linguistic areas. In all 146 accessions were collected belonging mainly to landraces of cereals, pulses and vegetables. Even if these linguistic areas still conserve worthy crop genetic resources (e.g. rye and wheat in Occitan districts, common beans in Franco-Provençal villages of Apulia region), a strong genetic erosion of the most typical crops was recorded. Safeguarding these crops both ex situ and in situ is thus a matter of urgency.

scholarly journals Challenges and Prospects for the Conservation of Crop Genetic Resources in Field Genebanks, in In Vitro Collections and/or in Liquid Nitrogen

Plants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 1634 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bart Panis ◽  
Manuela Nagel ◽  
Ines Van den houwe
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Resources ◽  
Liquid Nitrogen ◽  
Fruit Trees ◽  
Wild Relatives ◽  
Crop Genetic Resources ◽  
Safety Issues ◽  
The Future ◽  
Orthodox Seeds

The conservation of crop genetic resources, including their wild relatives, is of utmost importance for the future of mankind. Most crops produce orthodox seeds and can, therefore, be stored in seed genebanks. However, this is not an option for crops and species that produce recalcitrant (non-storable) seeds such as cacao, coffee and avocado, for crops that do not produce seeds at all; therefore, they are inevitably vegetatively propagated such as bananas, or crops that are predominantly clonally propagated as their seeds are not true to type, such as potato, cassava and many fruit trees. Field, in vitro and cryopreserved collections provide an alternative in such cases. In this paper, an overview is given on how to manage and setup a field, in vitro and cryopreserved collections, as well as advantages and associated problems taking into account the practical, financial and safety issues in the long-term. In addition, the need for identification of unique accessions and elimination of duplicates is discussed. The different conservation methods are illustrated with practical examples and experiences from national and international genebanks. Finally, the importance of establishing safe and long-term conservation methods and associated backup possibilities is highlighted in the frame of the global COVID-19 pandemic.

Ex-situ conservation of medicinal plant genetic resources managed by national agrobiodiversity center of Korea

Planta Medica ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 78 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
JS Sung ◽  
CW Jeong ◽  
YY Lee ◽  
HS Lee ◽  
YA Jeon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Medicinal Plant ◽  
Genetic Resources ◽  
Ex Situ Conservation ◽  
Plant Genetic Resources ◽  
Ex Situ

Conservation of animal genetic resources: approaches and technologies for in situ and ex situ conservation

2008 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
pp. 71-85 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.A. Woolliams ◽  
O. Matika ◽  
J. Pattison
Keyword(s):  
Rural Communities ◽  
Genetic Resources ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Regional Distribution ◽  
Livestock Production ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Animal Genetic Resources ◽  
The Face ◽  
Livestock Products

SummaryLivestock production faces major challenges through the coincidence of major drivers of change, some with conflicting directions. These are:1. An unprecedented global change in demands for traditional livestock products such as meat, milk and eggs.2. Large changes in the demographic and regional distribution of these demands.3. The need to reduce poverty in rural communities by providing sustainable livelihoods.4. The possible emergence of new agricultural outputs such as bio-fuels making a significant impact upon traditional production systems.5. A growing awareness of the need to reduce the environmental impact of livestock production.6. The uncertainty in the scale and impact of climate change. This paper explores these challenges from a scientific perspective in the face of the large-scale and selective erosion of our animal genetic resources, and concludes thai there is a stronger and more urgent need than ever before to secure the livestock genetic resources available to humankind through a comprehensive global conservation programme.

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