Although the heat losses of the outdoor piping are minimised by thermal insulation, the distribution of heat from the heating plant to individual consumers of the technological heating media is always accompanied by losses. In the case of large transported volumes of the flowing media, the loss values are negligible. The mathematical and physical analysis of the heat loss of the outdoor heat distribution systems, insulated and non-insulated, has been carried out while using the parameters measured on the real piping system.
Evaluation of thermal probe method for estimating the heat loss from underground heat distribution systems