Orthonasal Smell

Neuroenology ◽  
2016 ◽  
pp. 88-97
Author(s):  
Gordon M. Shepherd
Keyword(s):  
Frontal Lobes ◽  
Olfactory Cortex ◽  
Conscious Perception ◽  
Sensory Representation ◽  
The Brain

The olfactory cortex is a pattern recognizer, changing the image from a sensory representation to an internal “sensory object”. In this state it represents individual components of the aroma molecules, but also qualities of the aroma as a merged object. The perception in the wine taster’s brain has both these qualities, challenging the ability to make fine distinctions. This conscious perception is believed to arise at the highest levels in the frontal lobes, where circuits enable the brain to be flexible in learning to prefer different wines.

Orthonasal Smell

Neuroenology ◽  
2016 ◽  
pp. 80-87
Author(s):  
Gordon M. Shepherd
Keyword(s):  
Olfactory Bulb ◽  
Lateral Inhibition ◽  
Activity Pattern ◽  
Visual Image ◽  
Frontal Lobes ◽  
Olfactory Cortex ◽  
Behavioral State ◽  
Spatial Activity ◽  
Spatial Activity Pattern ◽  
The Brain

The brain creates the aroma perception through a series of steps, through the olfactory bulb to the olfactory cortex and to the highest levels in our frontal lobes. It first represents the aroma molecules as a spatial activity pattern in the olfactory bulb, virtually an “aroma image” analogous to a visual image in the brain. The smell image is enhanced by lateral inhibition, similar to contrast enhancement as we described in vision. In smell, the image can be modified depending on whether we are hungry or full. It cautions the wine taster to avoid these extremes and be in a good behavioral state.

Chemo- and Optogenetic Strategies for the Elucidation of Pain Pathways

2019 ◽  
pp. 816-832 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sascha R. A. Alles ◽  
Anne-Marie Malfait ◽  
Richard J. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Pain ◽  
Pain Response ◽  
Conscious Perception ◽  
Novel Therapies ◽  
The Past ◽  
Nociceptive Pathways ◽  
Pain Pathways ◽  
Technical Advances ◽  
The Brain

Pain is not a simple phenomenon and, beyond its conscious perception, involves circuitry that allows the brain to provide an affective context for nociception, which can influence mood and memory. In the past decade, neurobiological techniques have been developed that allow investigators to elucidate the importance of particular groups of neurons in different aspects of the pain response, something that may have important translational implications for the development of novel therapies. Chemo- and optogenetics represent two of the most important technical advances of recent times for gaining understanding of physiological circuitry underlying complex behaviors. The use of these techniques for teasing out the role of neurons and glia in nociceptive pathways is a rapidly growing area of research. The major findings of studies focused on understanding circuitry involved in different aspects of nociception and pain are highlighted in this article. In addition, attention is drawn to the possibility of modification of chemo- and optogenetic techniques for use as potential therapies for treatment of chronic pain disorders in human patients.

Role of the frontal lobes in integrative activity of the brain inMacaca mulatta

1980 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 265-270 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. S. Batuev ◽  
A. A. Pirogov ◽  
A. A. Orlov
Keyword(s):  
Frontal Lobes ◽  
Integrative Activity ◽  
The Brain

scholarly journals EPITHELIAL SARCOMA OF THE NASAL PASSAGES INVADING THE FRONTAL LOBES OF THE BRAIN

1891 ◽  
Vol 101 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-92
Author(s):  
M. G. DURANTE
Keyword(s):  
Frontal Lobes ◽  
Nasal Passages ◽  
The Brain

Frontal lobes and attention: Processes and networks, fractionation and integration

2006 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 261-271 ◽  
Author(s):  
DONALD T. STUSS
Keyword(s):  
Frontal Lobes ◽  
Task Demands ◽  
Activation Process ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Supervisory System ◽  
Current Task ◽  
Frontal Processes ◽  
General Activation ◽  
Lesion Studies ◽  
The Brain

The frontal lobes (FL), are they a general adaptive global capacity processor, or a series of fractionated processes? Our lesion studies focusing on attention have demonstrated impairments in distinct processes due to pathology in different frontal regions, implying fractionation of the “supervisory system.” However, when task demands are manipulated, it becomes evident that the frontal lobes are not just a series of independent processes. Increased complexity of task demands elicits greater involvement of frontal regions along a fixed network related to a general activation process. For some task demands, one or more anatomically distinct frontal processes may be recruited. In other conditions, there is a bottom-up nonfrontal/frontal network, with impairment noted maximally for the lesser task demands in the nonfrontal automatic processing regions, and then as task demands change, increased involvement of different frontal (more “strategic”) regions, until it appears all frontal regions are involved. With other measures, the network is top-down, with impairment in the measure first noted in the frontal region and then, with changing task demands, involving a posterior region. Adaptability is not just a property of FL, it is the fluid recruitment of different processes anywhere in the brain as required by the current task. (JINS, 2006,12, 261–271.)

scholarly journals Prognostic significance of midline shift of the olfactory or frontal lobes of the brain in canine nasal carcinomas treated by palliative radiotherapy: a pilot study

2018 ◽  
Vol 80 (11) ◽  
pp. 1724-1727
Author(s):  
Yusuke WADA ◽  
Shunsuke NOGUCHI ◽  
Hiromitsu SASAKI ◽  
Ai TAKETOMI ◽  
Mizuho HAMAKAWA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pilot Study ◽  
Prognostic Significance ◽  
Palliative Radiotherapy ◽  
Frontal Lobes ◽  
Midline Shift ◽  
The Brain

Beyond the Homunculus: The Executive Brain: Frontal Lobe and the Civilized Mind, by Elkhonon Goldberg. 2001. New York: Oxford University Press. 251 pp., $29.95 (HB).

2003 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 498-499
Author(s):  
William B. Barr
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Executive Functions ◽  
Human Brain ◽  
Frontal Lobe ◽  
Frontal Lobes ◽  
Mental Activity ◽  
Good News ◽  
Oxford University ◽  
Frontal Lobe Functions ◽  
The Brain

There is an old saying that one of mankind's biggest challenge will be to fully understand the functioning of the human brain. Some point out the ultimate irony of needing to utilize all 1400 grams of this organ to understand itself. When confronted with the riddle of frontal lobe functions, this argument can be extended further: the part of the brain that is considered to be most responsible for the highest forms of mental activity is likely to be pushed to its own limits in an effort to understand its own functions. While this might seem like an endless loop to some, the good news is that our field has been making serious advances in understanding the executive functions, those abilities we commonly attribute to the frontal lobes. Many of these successes are presented in a clear and engaging manner in this monograph.

THE FUNCTIONS OF THE FRONTAL LOBES OF THE BRAIN, AS ILLUSTRATED BY A CASE OF INJURY.

The Lancet ◽  
1878 ◽  
Vol 111 (2846) ◽  
pp. 378-380
Author(s):  
Frederick Treves
Keyword(s):  
Frontal Lobes ◽  
The Brain

Sensory representation in literature

Semiotica ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 (222) ◽  
pp. 101-112
Author(s):  
Frank Nuessel
Keyword(s):  
External World ◽  
Sensory Experience ◽  
Sensory Organs ◽  
Internal Interface ◽  
Sensory Representation ◽  
Creative Writers ◽  
Five Senses ◽  
Reader Experience ◽  
The Brain

AbstractThe five senses (vision, audition, touch, olfaction, gustation) constitute the essence of our ability to interact with the external world and make sense of it. This contact is transmitted through various sensory organs and the information for each sense is transmitted to and translated in various parts of the brain. The anatomical and physiological aspects of this external-internal interface are complex. Likewise, the philosophical approaches to this world-body communication and comprehension involves at least two perspectives, namely, the rationalist viewpoint (perception is brain-determined) and empirical (perception is externally acquired). This essay discusses how creative writers re-create sensory experience in their texts. It will examine each of the five senses and the strategies employed by authors to stimulate and arouse memories of previous reader experience both synchronically and diachronically. Writer and reader co-create and co-participate in this process.

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