Abstract
In this research, we investigate the thermoelectric effects of general materials. The results of this showed that an electromotive force was generated under a temperature difference between two points in materials. As no material has infinite electric resistance, an electromotive force is expected to be generated under a temperature difference in all materials. In conclusion, the thermoelectric effect generates an electromotive force. This electromotive force causes an electric current to flow, thereby generating a magnetic field.This magnetic field generates the Earth's magnetic field, triboelectricity, sunspots, and kinetic energy of celestial bodies.This temperature differential electromotive force also generates lightning and creates an ionosphere that reflects radio waves.