scholarly journals Electromotive Force Generated in All Materials under Temperature Difference

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dong-il Song
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Field ◽  
Kinetic Energy ◽  
Electric Current ◽  
Temperature Difference ◽  
Electromotive Force ◽  
Thermoelectric Effect ◽  
Radio Waves ◽  
Temperature Differential ◽  
Electric Resistance ◽  
Thermoelectric Effects

Abstract In this research, we investigate the thermoelectric effects of general materials. The results of this showed that an electromotive force was generated under a temperature difference between two points in materials. As no material has infinite electric resistance, an electromotive force is expected to be generated under a temperature difference in all materials. In conclusion, the thermoelectric effect generates an electromotive force. This electromotive force causes an electric current to flow, thereby generating a magnetic field.This magnetic field generates the Earth's magnetic field, triboelectricity, sunspots, and kinetic energy of celestial bodies.This temperature differential electromotive force also generates lightning and creates an ionosphere that reflects radio waves.

scholarly journals Electromotive Force Generated in All Materials under Temperature Difference

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dong-il Song
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Field ◽  
Kinetic Energy ◽  
Temperature Difference ◽  
Electromotive Force ◽  
Thermoelectric Effect ◽  
Radio Waves ◽  
Temperature Differential ◽  
Electric Resistance ◽  
Thermoelectric Effects ◽  
Celestial Bodies

Abstract In this research, we investigate the thermoelectric effects of general materials. The results of this showed that an electromotive force was generated under a temperature difference between two points in materials. As no material has infinite electric resistance, an electromotive force is expected to be generated under a temperature difference in all materials. In conclusion, the thermoelectric effect generates an electromotive force. This electromotive force causes an electric current to flow, thereby generating a magnetic field. This magnetic field generates the Earth's magnetic field, triboelectricity, sunspots, and kinetic energy of celestial bodies. This temperature differential electromotive force also generates lightning and creates an ionosphere that reflects radio waves.

Characteristics of Thermo-Electromotive Force, Electric Current and Electric Resistance in Intermittent Cutting Process by Face Milling

2011 ◽  
Vol 314-316 ◽  
pp. 1075-1078 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mitsuaki Murata ◽  
Syuhei Kurokawa ◽  
Osamu Ohnishi ◽  
Toshiro Doi ◽  
Michio Uneda
Keyword(s):  
Tool Wear ◽  
Electric Current ◽  
Electromotive Force ◽  
Flank Wear ◽  
Work Piece ◽  
Electric Resistance ◽  
Tool Flank Wear ◽  
Starting Position ◽  
Process Detection ◽  
Intermittent Cutting

Tool-work thermo-electromotive force (E.M.F.) is very important signal because it is regarded as the evidence of direct cutting phenomenon at the cutting position.Our aim is to carry out in-process monitoring of tool wear under intermittent cutting conditions. We examined the relation between E.M.F. and tool flank wear to explore the possibility of in-process tool wear detection using E.M.F. Waveform variations in E.M.F. signals corresponding to tool flank wear were observed at the starting position of cut. To determine the cause of these waveform variations, the electric current was also measured and the electric resistance between the tool and work piece were calculated using Ohm's law. It is found that the change in the tool-work electric resistance corresponds to the progression of the tool flank wear.By monitoring this tool-work electric resistance, it is possible to conduct in-process detection of tool flank wear.

Temperature Difference of Thermoelectric Module on PIC-Microcontroller

2014 ◽  
Vol 979 ◽  
pp. 417-420
Author(s):  
N. Sangwaranatee ◽  
T. Wongkampha ◽  
E. Kaseam ◽  
N.W. Sangwaranatee ◽  
W. Mekhum
Keyword(s):  
Electric Power ◽  
Temperature Difference ◽  
Direct Current ◽  
Electromotive Force ◽  
Electricity Generation ◽  
Thermoelectric Module ◽  
Thermoelectric Device ◽  
Thermoelectric Effect ◽  
Cooling Devices ◽  
Parallel Circuit

This research is the study of electric power generated by the temperature difference below 100 °C of thermoelectric effect (cooling devices), which gets power from direct current and the electromotive force from thermoelectric module. In this research, a testing kit was designed to collect the output of temperature difference on the thermoelectric device, and compared the level of electric power of various modules in 2 different circuits; series and parallel. The result of the study showed that the higher differential temperature increased the value of electricity generation. Also, the electrical connection of thermoelectric module had an effect on power generating. When using 2 modules for each circuit, the series circuit generated more power than the parallel circuit.

Transition to turbulent electric current sheet reconnection

1997 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
RUSSELL B. DAHLBURG
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Field ◽  
Energy Transfer ◽  
Kinetic Energy ◽  
Solar Corona ◽  
Electric Current ◽  
Magnetic Energy ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Energy Losses ◽  
Neutral Sheet ◽  
Secondary Instabilities

Electric current sheets develop in the solar corona when different flux systems come into contact. At these sheets magnetic energy is transformed into heat and kinetic energy by means of reconnection. We have previously demonstrated how to accelerate neutral sheet energy conversion by means of a transition to turbulent reconnection via ideal, three-dimensional secondary instabilities, as conjectured by Montgomery. In this paper we describe how our previous results are modified by the presence of a finite mean sheetwise magnetic field. We find a stabilization from this field, due to a decrease in energy transfer from the basic magnetic field to the three-dimensional perturbed fields. An increase in perturbed dissipative energy losses is also observed.

Magnetism and Molecular Rotation

1899 ◽  
Vol 22 ◽  
pp. 631-635
Author(s):  
Lord Kelvin
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Field ◽  
Electric Current ◽  
Electromotive Force ◽  
Electromagnetic Induction ◽  
Magnetic Force ◽  
Metal Wire ◽  
Line Integral ◽  
Time Integral ◽  
Tangential Forces ◽  
The Magnetic Field

§ 1. Consider the induction of an electric current in an endless wire when a magnetic field is generated around it, For simplicity, let the wire be circular and the diameter of its section very small in comparison with that of the ring. The time-integral of the electromotive force in the circuit is 2AM, if A denote the area of the ring and M the component perpendicular to its plane, of the magnetic force coming into existence. This is true whatever be the shape of the ring, provided it is all in one plane. Now, adopting the idea of two electricities, vitreous and resinous, we must imagine an electric current of strength C to consist of currents of vitreous and resinous electricities in opposite directions, each of strength ½C. Hence the time-integrals of the opposite electromotive forces on units of the equal vitreous and resinous electricities are each equal to AM.§ 2. Substitute now for our metal wire an endless tube of non-conducting matter, vitreously electrified, and filled with an incompressible non-conducting fluid, electrified with an equal quantity, e, of resinous electricity. The fluid and the containing tube will experience equal and opposite tangential forces, of each of which the time-integral of the line-integral round the whole circumference is eAM, if the ring be a circle of radius r; and the effect of the generation of the magnetic field will be to cause the fluid and the ring to rotate in opposite directions with moments of momentum each equal to eAMr, if neither fluid nor ring is acted on by any other force than that of the electromagnetic induction.

Motion of Electron Gas and the Induced Nanofilm Electromigration

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bing-Yang Cao ◽  
Qing-Guang Zhang ◽  
Zeng-Yuan Guo
Keyword(s):  
Kinetic Energy ◽  
Electric Current ◽  
Current Density ◽  
Electron Gas ◽  
Electric Current Density ◽  
Electric Resistance ◽  
Energy Effect ◽  
Ohm’S Law ◽  
Ohm's Law ◽  
Electron Wind

Understanding how electron gas moves and induces electromigration is highly desirable in micro- and nano-electronic devices. Based on introducing some novel concepts of electron gas momentum, kinetic energy and resisting force, we establish the continuum, momentum and energy conservation equations of the electron gas in this paper. Through analyzing the control equations, the Ohm’s law can be derived if the inertial force or the kinetic energy of the electron gas is ignored. Thus, the Ohm’s law is no longer applicable if the variation of the electron gas momentum is too large to be ignored. For instance, the kinetic energy variation can not be ignored for the electron gas with a high velocity flowing along the conductor with variable cross-sections. Under such conditions, the electric resistance of the section-variable conductors is a function of the electric current density and direction, which is referred to as a kinetic energy effect on the electric resistance. Based on the control equations of the electron gas motion, the electron wind force and the kinetic energy can also be calculated. The kinetic energy transferred from the electron wind to metallic atoms increases greatly with the increasing electric current density. It may be comparable with the activated energy of the metallic atoms in nanofilms. Thus, the electromigration induced by the electron wind can be regarded as another kind of kinetic energy effect of the electron gas, i.e. kinetic energy effect on the electromigration.

Radio Measurements of Coronal Magnetic Fields

1994 ◽  
Vol 144 ◽  
pp. 21-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. B. Gelfreikh
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Field ◽  
Magnetic Fields ◽  
Solar Corona ◽  
Active Regions ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Coronal Magnetic Field ◽  
Transverse Magnetic ◽  
Radio Sources ◽  
Radio Waves ◽  
Solar Active Regions

AbstractA review of methods of measuring magnetic fields in the solar corona using spectral-polarization observations at microwaves with high spatial resolution is presented. The methods are based on the theory of thermal bremsstrahlung, thermal cyclotron emission, propagation of radio waves in quasi-transverse magnetic field and Faraday rotation of the plane of polarization. The most explicit program of measurements of magnetic fields in the atmosphere of solar active regions has been carried out using radio observations performed on the large reflector radio telescope of the Russian Academy of Sciences — RATAN-600. This proved possible due to good wavelength coverage, multichannel spectrographs observations and high sensitivity to polarization of the instrument. Besides direct measurements of the strength of the magnetic fields in some cases the peculiar parameters of radio sources, such as very steep spectra and high brightness temperatures provide some information on a very complicated local structure of the coronal magnetic field. Of special interest are the results found from combined RATAN-600 and large antennas of aperture synthesis (VLA and WSRT), the latter giving more detailed information on twodimensional structure of radio sources. The bulk of the data obtained allows us to investigate themagnetospheresof the solar active regions as the space in the solar corona where the structures and physical processes are controlled both by the photospheric/underphotospheric currents and surrounding “quiet” corona.

A novel analytical calculation of magnetic field in the slotted air gap of spoke-type permanent-magnet machines using conformal mapping

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Jianqi Li ◽  
Yu Zhou ◽  
Jianying Li
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Field ◽  
Conformal Mapping ◽  
Permanent Magnet ◽  
Flux Density ◽  
Analytical Method ◽  
Electromotive Force ◽  
Analytical Calculation ◽  
Air Gap ◽  
Permanent Magnet Machines ◽  
Peak Value

This paper presented a novel analytical method for calculating magnetic field in the slotted air gap of spoke-type permanent-magnet machines using conformal mapping. Firstly, flux density without slots and complex relative air-gap permeance of slotted air gap are derived from conformal transformation separately. Secondly, they are combined in order to obtain normalized flux density taking account into the slots effect. The finite element (FE) results confirmed the validity of the analytical method for predicting magnetic field and back electromotive force (BEMF) in the slotted air gap of spoke-type permanent-magnet machines. In comparison with FE result, the analytical solution yields higher peak value of cogging torque.

scholarly journals Giant Magnetoresistance and Magneto-Thermopower in 3D Interconnected NixFe1−x/Cu Multilayered Nanowire Networks

Nanomaterials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 1133
Author(s):  
Nicolas Marchal ◽  
Tristan da Câmara Santa Clara Gomes ◽  
Flavio Abreu Araujo ◽  
Luc Piraux
Keyword(s):  
Giant Magnetoresistance ◽  
Nanowire Array ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Strong Increase ◽  
Thermoelectric Effect ◽  
Heat Management ◽  
Thermoelectric Effects ◽  
Nanowire Network ◽  
Potential Applications ◽  
Nanowire Networks

The versatility of the template-assisted electrodeposition technique to fabricate complex three-dimensional networks made of interconnected nanowires allows one to easily stack ferromagnetic and non-magnetic metallic layers along the nanowire axis. This leads to the fabrication of unique multilayered nanowire network films showing giant magnetoresistance effect in the current-perpendicular-to-plane configuration that can be reliably measured along the macroscopic in-plane direction of the films. Moreover, the system also enables reliable measurements of the analogous magneto-thermoelectric properties of the multilayered nanowire networks. Here, three-dimensional interconnected NixFe1−x/Cu multilayered nanowire networks (with 0.60≤x≤0.97) are fabricated and characterized, leading to large magnetoresistance and magneto-thermopower ratios up to 17% and −25% in Ni80Fe20/Cu, respectively. A strong contrast is observed between the amplitudes of magnetoresistance and magneto-thermoelectric effects depending on the Ni content of the NiFe alloys. In particular, for the highest Ni concentrations, a strong increase in the magneto-thermoelectric effect is observed, more than a factor of 7 larger than the magnetoresistive effect for Ni97Fe3/Cu multilayers. This sharp increase is mainly due to an increase in the spin-dependent Seebeck coefficient from −7 µV/K for the Ni60Fe40/Cu and Ni70Fe30/Cu nanowire arrays to −21 µV/K for the Ni97Fe3/Cu nanowire array. The enhancement of the magneto-thermoelectric effect for multilayered nanowire networks based on dilute Ni alloys is promising for obtaining a flexible magnetic switch for thermoelectric generation for potential applications in heat management or logic devices using thermal energy.

scholarly journals Magnetic field amplification in newly-born neutron stars

1996 ◽  
Vol 160 ◽  
pp. 435-436
Author(s):  
H.-J. Wiebicke ◽  
U. Geppert
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Field ◽  
Neutron Stars ◽  
Gravitational Collapse ◽  
Dipole Field ◽  
Numerical Calculations ◽  
Selection Effects ◽  
Thermoelectric Effects ◽  
Field Amplification ◽  
Seed Field ◽  
Flux Conservation

AbstractWe present a scenario of magnetic field (MF) evolution of newly-born neutron stars (NSs). Numerical calculations show that in the hot phase of young NSs the MF can be amplified by thermoelectric effects, starting from a moderately strong seed-field. Therefore, there is no need to assume a 1012G dipole field immediately after the gravitational collapse of the supernova (SN) event. The widely accepted scenario for such a field to be produced by flux conservation during the collapse is critically discussed. Instead, it can be generated by amplification and selection effects in the first 104yrs, and by the subsequent fast ohmic decay of higher multipole components, when the NS cools down.

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