Hungary as a Norm Entrepreneur in Migration Policy

This paper analyses Hungary as a small state within the EU and the policy it applied during the refugee crisis of 2015/2016 that changed the landscape both on the European and Hungarian level. During the crisis, Hungary acted as a small, interest-maximizing Member State constrained by domestic political interests and it did not only refuse to participate in common European policy proposals to solve the crisis, but it also engaged in unilateral actions perceived as solutions, such as erecting a border wall on the Southern border of Hungary. This paper examines how Hungary acted during the refugee crisis with the help of small state theories. Presenting the events, legislative changes and discourses surrounding migration policy in the past years will show that Hungary managed to take advantage of the refugee crisis by acting as a norm entrepreneur which gave the Prime Minister the opportunity to articulate his own views and convictions about the right way to solve the crisis and also about the future of the EU as a whole. Many EU Member States joined Hungary in its migration strategy and so it became the leading country of the anti-immigration block in Europe.

UPAYA KETERLIBATAN INDONESIA DALAM MENGINTERNASIONALISASIKAN KONSEP BLUE ECONOMY STUDI KASUS: KEPEMIMPINAN INDONESIA DALAM IORA PERIODE 2015-2017

Tulisan ini membahas upaya keterlibatan Indonesia untuk menginternasionalisasikan konsep blue economy dengan mengambil studi kasus pada kepemimpinan Indonesia di IORA periode 2015-2017. Kepemimpinan Indonesia memprakarsai KTT IORA 2017 dan menghasilkan dokumen penting IORA Concord, IORA Action Plan dan Deklarasi Jakarta tentang Ekonomi Biru. Tulisan ini menggunakan metode kualitatif dengan sumber-sumber yang diperoleh secara dokumenter, studi kepustakaan, dan penelusuran data online untuk memperkuat argumentasi penulis. Blue Economy merupakan konsep yang dikembangkan oleh Gunter Pauli yang memadukan unsur ekonomi dan lingkungan. Agenda Indonesia untuk mengedepankan konsep ini untuk meningkatkan ekonominya, mengukuhkan kepentingan politisnya dan memperkuat pengaruhnya di Samudra Hindia, dan menyelamatkan lingkungan. Penelitian menggunakan teori rezim internasional untuk melihat perkembangan blue economy sebagai aturan dan norma yang menjadi pengikat Indonesia dengan IORA dan teori norm life cycles yang membahas tentang siklus hidup norma blue economy yang menjelaskan tentang kaitan Indonesia dengan kemunculan blue economy mulai periode Presiden Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono sampai Presiden Joko Widodo, kepemimpinan Indonesia dalam mempersuasi dan mensosialisasikan blue economy dan internalisasi blue economy dalam ruang lingkup IORA. Penelitian ini juga membahas output yang didapatkan setelah Indonesia bertindak sebagai blue economy norm entrepreneur yaitu mendapatkan pengakuan internasional tentang kemampuan Indonesia, hal ini sejalan dengan usaha Indonesia yang berusaha untuk mewujudkan Poros Maritim Dunia.Kata Kunci : Blue Economy, IORA, Norm entrepreneur, Norm Life Cycles, Rezim Internasional.

MEMPROBLEMATISASI PERAN KOTA DALAM TATA KELOLA LINGKUNGAN GLOBAL

This paper will discuss about problems surrounding discourse on the role of local government or ‘city’ in global environmental governance. Many scholars, such as Acuto (2013), Betsill & Bulkeley (2010) and Fraser (2014) have argued that city might be the missing actor that global environmental governance needs to make it work. However, this paper believes that the argument is riddled with fallacy, most notably with the way they did not take into account the existence of growth-based development ideology that can prevent local government from truly preserving the environment. This paper argues that city is not the panacea that will solve all environmental problems since it favors utilitarianism approach over deep ecology. However, this paper acknowledges that city could be the new norm entrepreneur that can strengthen international norm on environmental preservation.Keyword: City, Environment, Norm, Utilitarianism